阿拉伯社会学发展动态

经过几年的酝酿,阿拉伯社会学家协会于1985年1月在突尼斯宣告成立。会议通过了协会章程,选举了由15人组成的理事会。45位阿拉伯社会学家聚集在一起,召开了名为展望“阿拉伯社会学”的会议。他们分别来自埃及、突尼斯、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、利比亚、苏丹、约旦和阿拉伯联合酉长国。突尼斯促进文化发展学院院长、社会学家阿·塔西尔·拉比布主持了这一具有历史意义的会议。阿拉伯国家的社会学研究目前处于开创时期,     

埃及经济自由化导致的经济和文化问题

埃及自1970年纳赛尔去世以后,在经济上实行了门户开放政策。从此埃及对外部世界的依赖性明显增加。由于大量进口外国商品和过分依靠高利率的短期商业贷款,埃及的国际收支出现了严重赤字。仅1975年一年的国际收支赤字就高达9.69亿埃镑,占国民总产值的21%。但是埃及政府并没有采取任何重大措施限制进口,而是力图通过开放苏伊士运河、振兴旅游业、鼓励在国外工作的人向国     

战后国民政府涉港事务处置个案研究——以张添祥事件为例

太平洋战争期间,国民政府争取香港主权的努力遭遇挫折,战后英国重返香港,中国在涉港事务中试图积极应对,争取国家利权。1946年12月3日,中国内地与香港边境的文锦渡发生一起英军越界开枪事件,造成宝安县居民张添祥死亡,即＂张添祥事件＂。事件发生后,广东地方当局和民意机构主张强硬外交,积极组织援助;国民政府外交当局亦介入善后,在民意舆论的压力下展开外交维权。最终,张添祥事件不了了之。     

埃及新总统穆尔西：文人首当政

历史性的一刻终于来临。埃及人有理由欢乐，因为他们迎来了首位经民主选举而产生的总统，也同样是60年来埃及第一位非军人总统，更是阿拉伯世界中首位选举产生的伊斯兰主义者国家元首。但是，文人首当政，面对埃及60年军人当政的局面，“谁来统治埃及，这个问题还远远没有定论。”     

一部拓展马克思主义理论研究的力作--评马福元编著的《马克思恩格斯论阿拉伯文化》

经中央文献研究室授权,由马福元先生编撰的《马克思恩格斯论阿拉伯文化》(民族出版社,北京,2005年4月版)一书,终于出版了,这是新中国建国后第一部《马克思恩格斯论阿拉伯文化》的坚实力作。一、这部文集作者收入了马克思主义创始人关于阿拉伯、伊斯兰教、穆斯林和阿拉伯国家、土耳其奥斯曼帝国与西方殖民主义国家间相互关系的重要论述和能查阅的全部文章。全书共分十二部分。(一)马恩“论阿拉伯;”(二)马恩“论伊斯兰教;”(三)马恩“论穆斯林;”(四)马恩“论叙利亚;”(五)马恩“论埃及;”(六)马恩“论阿尔及利亚”;(七)马恩“论摩洛哥;”(八…     

试析“训政时期约法”训政建设的教训

中华民国时期,由国民政府领导的训政建设的失败,这不仅是宪政研究者反思的重大课题,而且对于正在探寻宪政之路的中国来说,也具有重要的借鉴意义。训政建设失败的原因,客观上既有理论的局限性,也有政治环境的艰难;主观上既有权力主体的执政党弱势独裁,也有训政价值的工具性宪法观。     

试析冷战后日本的能源外交

日本是一个资源贫乏的国家,尤其缺少石油这一经济发展所必需的战略物资.冷战后,为了降低石油进口渠道过度集中的风险,日本加紧实施石油来源多元化的战略.目前以及今后日本能源外交的重点主要在中东、俄罗斯远东地区、中亚以及非洲.日本开展的能源外交既有其固有特点,也有其不利因素.     

外交礼宾礼仪漫谈《世界知识》

正外交礼宾礼仪是外交的重要表现形式,在国家间交往中扮演着重要角色,因其政治性、神秘性与高端特点吸引着媒体和民众的关注,很多民众是通过礼宾礼仪认识外交的。提到礼宾礼仪,人们往往会联想到隆重排场、盛大仪式、美酒华服等,那么,礼宾礼仪到底是什么?它有何价值?有哪些显著特点?让我们揭开外交礼宾礼仪的神秘面纱,一探真容。     

俄罗斯外交转型及其对中俄关系的影响

2012年以来,内部政治经济局势的动荡、国际关系格局的变动、普京重新当选总统等因素促使俄罗斯外交出现转型,乌克兰危机则加速了这一转型进程。本文分析了俄罗斯外交转型的传统背景和现实原因,认为此次转型背后有一个必然和偶然变量累积的过程。俄罗斯对欧亚和亚太地区的战略、国家软实力和国家认同建设领域都做出了相应的政策调整,不仅注重围绕国家经济和安全利益改变外交政策,也通过改变公共外交方略和整合国内政治认同来影响外交工作的绩效。这些转型特点不仅体现了俄罗斯外交政策所具有的连续性和渐变性,也对中俄关系产生了正反两方面的影响:两国可能在某些领域出现利益、观念和政策的冲突,但这种挑战并不能埋没中俄采取适当方式将矛盾化为机遇、进一步提升中俄战略协作伙伴关系的可能性。     

理论、机制、能力:加强中国外交研究的思考

随着中国国力的提升和世界影响力的增强,中国的世界角色也在发生变化,不仅成为影响世界的重要变量,也成为影响世界的稳定力量和塑造者。这些变化也使中国外交面临转型。中国外交在百年未有之大变局中转变为大国外交,外交内涵进一步明确,外延扩大,参与和引领全球治理的任务变得艰巨,海外利益保护任务日益多元。中国外交的工作量与日俱增,工作性质日益复杂。面对这些变化,学界需要加强针对性研究,如世界秩序与格局演变、外交理论凝练与创新、外交机制调整、外交能力提升、外交新领域拓展等,同时也需要研究其他国家,尤其是大国的成功经验与失败教训,以更好地为中国特色大国外交提供智力支撑,助力中国外交顺利转型为大国外交和强国外交。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).