中国农业劳动力转移的现状、前景及对策

文章对中国农业劳动力转移的现状从总体规模态势、性别、年龄与文化程度结构、外出时间选择、流向区域选择、外出方式与工作寻找方式、就业范围和产业领域、职业分布层次、流动变更程度等八个方面做了统计分析。作者认为，90年代后期和下个世纪初期，将是我国社会经济结构变化最剧烈、劳动力转移最活跃的时期，农业剩余劳动力的开发利用和就业转移问题也将变得更加突出，成为影响中国国民经济发展全局的重大问题。并就此提出了加快农业劳动力转移的主要对策：把农业劳动力转移纳入整个社会经济发展的大系统；加快乡镇企业发展；加大城市化推进力度。     

陕西农村劳动力流动影响因素探析

陕西农村劳动力流动的影响因素包括内部和外部两个方面。内部因素包括流动劳动力的自身素质、劳动力流动的组织形式及家庭因素,其中,劳动力的自身素质普遍偏低,组织形式以自发外出为主,劳动力平均年龄呈下降趋势。外部因素包括流动劳动力的权益保障、就业压力、子女教育等方面,内部和外部因素的交互作用必然影响农村劳动力的合理流动。     

促进福州农村劳动力转移就业研究

福州是福建省省会,目前正处在全面建成小康社会的关键时期,需要有一个和谐稳定的环境。就业是民生之本,促进农村劳动力转移就业是缩小城乡收入差距、维护社会和谐稳定与保障和改善民生的重要举措,有利于拓宽福建省农村劳动力就业渠道、加快推进海峡西岸经济区建设。必须从福州经济社会发展实际出发,阐明促进农村劳动力转移就业的重要性,剖析农村劳动力转移就业面临的主要问题,探索促进农村劳动力转移就业的措施与对策。     

农村劳动力转移就业的多元路径选择

长期以来，我国农村劳动力转移就业基本上是以流向东部沿海经济发达地区为主的单一模式。近年来，受东部沿海地区产业向中西部地区转移进程加快和内地经济快速发展的影响，区域间的比较优势逐渐弱化，农村劳动力远距离就业的选择空间越来越大，当地政府必须通过调整农业经济结构、鼓励农民自主创业、加大招商引资力度和开辟国外劳务市场等途径探索多元转移就业路径，实现农村劳动力合理转移就业。     

再论新农村建设中的劳动力流动——基于刘易斯、托达罗人口流动模型的分析框架

劳动力有序流动将加快社会主义新农村建设进程.在发展经济学中,关于城乡劳动力流动问题最具代表性的人口流动模型是刘易斯模型和托达罗模型.尽管两模型是在不同时代背景提出,也都有自身缺陷,政策含义也各不相同,但对于加快我国现阶段新农村建设中的劳动力流动问题有着重要的政策借鉴价值.加快劳动力流动使新农村建设取得重大进展就需要从推动劳动替代资本,积极发展现代服务业;大力发展小城镇,就近转移农村富余劳动力;形成增加农民人力资本的长效机制;尽量使劳动力流动的成本极小化等方面求得突破.     

中国农村劳动力转移研究——以住宿餐饮业增长为切入点

本文基于住宿餐饮业快速发展及农村劳动力转移压力双重背景下,研究我国住宿餐饮业对农村劳动力转移的贡献。本文首先分析了中国农村劳动力就业的事实,对比中外农村劳动力转移的不同;接着基于生产函数,对比浙江与全国,分别得出劳动力和资本生产要素对产值的贡献模型;并测算出2014年,住宿餐饮业将吸纳430至522万人左右的农村劳动力。     

高等教育扩张与大学生就业难：现状、问题和对策

文章简要回顾了1999年以来我国高等教育扩张情况及其影响。鉴于“十一五”期间我国就业面临着劳动力总量和18-22岁年龄组别的供给双高峰,“十一五”期间高等教育发展政策应在适度扩大招生规模的基础上,重点转向提高教育质量。同时,做好就业服务和就业指导,以及完善劳动力市场体系等工作,解决大学生就业的难题。     

充分就业:和谐社会的重要标志

我国人口基数大,新增劳动力、国企下岗分流人员增加和农村劳动力转移的现象并存,呈现出劳动力供求总量矛盾与结构性矛盾交织、就业压力长期存在的局面。同时,存在多种影响充分就业的客观因素,使得就业的数量与就业质量受到严峻的挑战。因此,实行"经济发展与充分就业并重、效率与公平均衡"的方针,大力发展生产力,推进技术创新,鼓励非公经济、第三产业和中小企业的发展,保护劳动者的合法权益,为构建和谐社会奠定坚实基础。     

人口流动效应分析与政策建议

人口流动为流入地经济社会发展提供动力的同时也给基础设施、公共服务等带来一定的压力。农村人口大量流出缓解了农村劳动力过剩问题,为农村经济社会的发展拓展了空间,但是大量优质劳动力资源流出将会给农村带来人才匮乏问题,以及留守老人问题、留守妇女问题、留守儿童问题。文章在分析人口流动多重效应的基础上提出了缓解人口流动消极效应的对策和建议。     

农村劳动力转移对欠发达地区城镇化的影响

农村劳动力转移能力是决定欠发达地区城镇化进程的主导要素。我国欠发达地区农村劳动力转移的支付能力不足,难以支付向城镇转移的各项费用,素质能力偏低,弱化了转移意愿,降低了转移空间(就业空间),从而导致城镇化进程滞缓。农民专业合作组织建设能够通过增加农民人均纯收入提高农村劳动力转移的支付能力,通过的素质门槛也较低,从而对转移能力的要求也较低。因此,在农村劳动力转移能力不足的欠发达地区,大力发展农民专业合作组织、加强小城镇增加人力资本存量提高农村劳动力转移的素质能力;农村劳动力向小城镇转移的制度成本、生活成本与心理成本均较低,就业建设是稳妥推进城镇化的有效策略。     

中国法学教育国际化的挑战及对策

我国目前的法学教育方式培养的法律人才远不能适应加入WTO对法律专业人才的需要,不能达到法学教育国际化的标准,无论在教育理念、培养模式、教育体制、培养方法上都与国际需要的高素质、专业化的法律人才相差甚远。因此,重塑一系列适应法学教育国际化需要的人才标准和培养模式,进行一场适应WTO法律服务贸易需要的教育体制改革,势在必行。     

劳动人事科学的教研发展评价

本文从教学和研究两个角度探析北京劳动人事科学的发展现状,并做了简要评价;进而指出,北京地区从事劳动人事科学教育与研究的学者们应当在推动我国经济社会和谐发展中担当责任和面对挑战。     

Inhospitable workplaces? International students and paid work in food services

Most international students in Australia take up paid work during their studies, generally as part‐time employees in low‐wage, low‐skill labour markets. Though little is known about the detail of their work experiences, scattered reports suggest that wages and working conditions are often poor and pose significant issues of social justice. This article examines the characteristics of jobs held by one group of international students, drawing on in‐depth qualitative interviews that form part of a case study of Melbourne's café, restaurant and takeaway food services sector. The evidence indicates that precariousness in employment is widespread in this sector and that it centres on underpayment and non‐payment of wages, in breach of labour regulation. The article suggests that such illegal employer practices are facilitated by use of undeclared casual work. Underpayments are most severe in what are typically regarded as ethnic cafes and restaurants, which concentrate on employment of international students, but they are also widespread in mainstream cafes and restaurants, where international students share precarious work conditions with other workers. The findings underline the case for more concerted research and new policy initiatives.     

Beyond Heckscher–Ohlin: trade and labour market interactions in a case study for Chile

In an era of globalisation, patterns of economic growth and employment will depend critically upon domestic labour market conditions. This paper presents empirical evidence on how labour market regulations might interact with expanded trade. We present numerical model simulations of recent trade reform proposals for Chile. Firstly, we analyse how these reforms affect the economy in a perfectly competitive labour markets framework, then we modify this by introducing various kind of labour market imperfections considered relevant in this country. Previous research efforts usually focused separately either on the significance of trade, or on the effect of labour market regulations as explanations for variations in the wage gap and labour demand. Our results show that interactions between labour market regulations and expanded trade may explain the Chilean widening wage gap.     

论劳工标准与世界贸易

社会条款问题一直是发达与发展中国家在世贸组织内争议的焦点之一。美国等发达国家屡次提出要在世贸组织协议中写进"社会条款",以实现其通过贸易制裁来强制推行"核心劳工标准"的目的。中国应尽早采取各种对策并根据相关的国际公约要求,尽快完善现行劳动立法,以维护国家和民族利益。     

Do you feel like an insider? Job security and preferences for Flexibilization across Europe

The paper analyses the determinants of public opinion on flexibilisation of work contracts. While the literature on new labour market divides has rapidly expanded, few contributions directly look at employees’ demands for labour market regulation. By using a multi-level data set for 25 European countries, we find that the subjectively assessed job security is an important and valuable predictor of preferences for flexibilisation. In particular, those with very low and very high levels of perceived job security prefer flexibilisation compared to those with medium levels. We also show that the effect is stronger in countries with stricter employment protection legislation. The findings contribute to the literature on new divides of labour market politics in several ways. First, our empirical operationalization is related directly to the core of insider-outsider theory, the protection of work contracts. Second, subjective assessment of employment security yields important complementary insights into a debate usually focusing on objective measures. Third, we find that the (subjective) divide is context dependent; it is much more visible in countries where employment protection regulation is strong.     

Social protection: An obstacle to employment?

This article examines the ambivalent effect of social security on employment. First, an international comparison looks at protection from layoff by the employer, wage floors as defined in social and employment legislation, and levels of wage-related costs and their effect on employment. Simulations for western Germany are then used to analyse the effects on the labour market of lowering social security contributions. The conclusion which emerges is that the effects of social protection on employment are determined both by the way it is organized – and thus ultimately how much it costs – and by the way it is funded, i.e. who picks up the bill for social security.     

Working late: policy relevance for older workers in the United States

The United States has seen a sizable increase in older worker labour force participation, although how much of this is due to public policy is uncertain. In fact, outside of academic and policy research circles, there has been relatively little attention paid to older workers and the challenges of an aging workforce in that country. Public policymakers have not demonstrated the same interest in expanding employment opportunities for older workers that they have shown for other groups, or that has been seen in other countries. Still, a number of significant pieces of legislation have been enacted over the past several decades that should be making continued employment at later ages easier, more attractive, or more essential financially. This paper examines those policies. However, because of confounding and conflicting influences from elsewhere, public policy initiatives focusing on older worker employment do not appear to be major contributors to rising labour force participation rates at older ages.     

人力资本、社会资本对大学生就业质量的影响

人力资本对就业地区、就业行业、单位性质和承诺月薪的影响力分别为3.08%、10.4%、2.89%、12.38%,总影响力为7.19%;社会资本对以上四项的影响力分别为17.57%、3.54%、3.48%、1.82%,总影响力为4.69%。人力资本和社会资本成为大学生就业质量的双轮驱动力。就业质量差异扩大是一国经济发展的必然结果。人力资本的影响是合理的,而社会资本的影响具有两面性。大学生要努力积累人力资本,高校应开展就业能力导向的教学改革,政府要完善劳动力市场,以改善大学生就业质量。     

Contextualising institutional complementarity. How long‐term unemployment depends on employment protection legislation,active labour market policies and the economic climate

This study investigated if and how active labour market policies (ALMPs) and employment protection interact with each other in light of long‐term unemployment reduction. We argue that how well the interaction between both labour market institutions reduces long‐term unemployment depends on the level of economic growth. To improve analytical clarity, two types of ALMPs were differentiated, namely training and employment programmes. Using data on 20 European countries over 16 years, our results suggest that employment protection moderates the relationship between employment programmes and long‐term unemployment. The combination of high spending on employment programmes and less strict employment protection is associated with less long‐term unemployment. This moderation effect is stronger during an economic downturn. A moderation effect from employment protection on the relationship between training programmes and long‐term unemployment was not found, even when the economic climate was taken into account as a contextual factor.