城市财政体现的城市综合效益解析

城市财政是城市政府为了履行其职能而参与一部分社会产品或国民收入分配和再分配的过程。提供城市公共物品和公共服务是城市政府的主要职能之一．它的实现以城市财政为经济后盾．同时，城市政府其他职能的实现也离不开城市财政的支持。更为重要的是．城市财政体现了城市整体效益的提高，是城市经济效益、环境效益、社会效益的综合体现。     

如何将土地开发整理融入新农村建设

党中央国务院长期关注"三农"问题,特别是新世纪以来,连续7年,中央一号文件都把农村改革和新农村建设作为全党在农村的首要工作任务.今年的中央一号文件,不仅进一步提出中央财政在支农资金投入上要"总量持续增加,比例稳步提高",还具体地明确"要确保财政支出优先支持农业农村发展,预算内固定资产投资优先投向农业基础设施和农村民生工程,土地出让收益优先用于农业土地开发和农村基础设施建设".从而,为推动农村改革和新农村建设工作提供了更加有力的财力支持.     

建立农村公共物品多元化供给体系

在2004年3月5日十届人大二次会议的政府工作报告中,温家宝总理提出,各级政府都要增加对三农的投入。三农问题已经成了制约中国经济发展的“瓶颈”,如果处理不好,会影响中国经济的发展和社会的安定。而要解决三农问题,切实有效地加强农村公共物品的供给,这就成了一个关键因素。所谓农村公共物品,是指以实现农村可持续发展为目标,以保证农村人民     

浅析我国公共物品市场化研究

公共物品市场化是指为解决政府提供公共物品造成的财政支出困难和资源使用效率下降,最终把公共物品(至少是一部分)推向市场的一种制度设计或方法。本文对我国公共物品市场化进行分析。公共物品市场化在我国是可行的,是适应我国社会主义市场经济的发展的趋势,也是解决我国政府提供公共物品造成财政支出困难和我国公共物品供给低效率的根本途径。     

新型农村社会保障中资金的筹集和管理研究

在我国现代农村社会保障中，资金的筹集和管理是至关重要的一环。农村社会保障制度的有效运行必须依靠充足的资金投入，很长一段时间以来，我国农村社会保障资金来源渠道和筹集方式单一．缺乏法制化和制度化，国家财政的支持力度不够。没有充足的资金保证，保障也就很难实现，这是目前我国农村社会保障事业发展的一大“瓶颈”。文中先从目前我国农村社会保障的现状出发．分析出农村社会保障中资金筹集和管理中存在的一些实实在在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了相应的措施。     

乡镇企业面临的挑战与对策

近20年来,乡镇企业异军突起,为大量农业剩余劳动力找到了出路,而且为国家工业化与农村现代化开辟了一条独特的道路。在新形势下,乡镇企业能否持续发展,直接关系到农村经济繁荣与社会稳定的大局。当前,乡镇企业既显现新的发展态势,同时也存在一些亟待解决的难题。乡镇企业面临的问题1.乡镇企业的产权制度不清晰,从而导致经营机制退化目前,中国多数乡镇企业实行的并不是现代企业产权制度,而是一种吸收了国有企业体制、人民公社体制、农村家族体制等方面的因素,揉合而成的集体所有制产权制度。这种产权制度导致私有物品公共化,从而导致乡镇企业…     

浅谈PPP模式在我国城市轨道交通中的应用

城市轨道交通以其客运量大、速度快、污染少等特点在公共交通中占有相对优势,备受世界各大城市青睐。20世纪60年代中期,我国城市轨道交通建设开始起步,以政府财政投资为主的城市轨道交通建设随着城市建设规模及市民出行需求的不断扩大而越来越受到影响。据不完全统计,“十一五”期间．国内各城市轨道交通建设投资将超过2000亿元。如此巨额的投资需求．     

效率与公平视角下的城市公共物品供给

改革开放二十多年来,我国城市化进程日益加快,城市公共物品的供给总量虽然达到了前所未有的规模,但就城市化进程中的实际需求而言,这一供给还明显不足,还存在着巨大的缺口.众所周知,在一定时期内可用于生产与配置的资源总是具有稀缺性.同时,由于我国正处于全面建设小康社会和改革开放的攻坚阶段,社会主义现代化建设事业的各个方面都亟须政府的财政支出,财政压力明显过大,银根严重吃紧.因此,在既能保证效率又能兼顾公平的前提下,探讨如何提高城市公共物品的有效供给以满足日益增长的城市公共需求,缓解城市公共物品供需矛盾,就显得尤为必要.     

服务型政府理论视角下农村公共物品供给路径探讨

我国当前农村公共物品存在供给结构失衡、效率低下、不能有效回应农民需求等问题,服务型政府理论提供了丰富的理论启示,例如建立服务型政府、民主行政、创新农民需求表达机制等,为农村公共物品供给路径提供了新的思路。     

城市公共物品的作用及其运营效应

目前,我国城市化正处于发展转型期,城市管理水平比较低,交通拥挤、环境质量下降等“城市病”还比较突出。加强对道路、供水、供电和环境保护等公共物品(包括公共服务)运营的研究,考察其作用与运营带来的经济效应,将有助于我们更加重视公共物品建设,从而为城市经济发展创造更好的条件。 一、公共物品在城市经济中的作用 公共物品是城市经济增长中“供给基础”的主要部分,对城市经济持续增长具有重大影     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.