国内人口迁移流动的演变趋势:国际经验及其对中国的启示

文章从人口迁移流动的不同形式及其演变趋势、中国国内人口迁移整体强度的国际对比、人口迁移流动的微观生命过程、以及人口循环流动的发生发展机制和近期演变等4个方面回顾了国际上对人口迁移流动演变趋势及其机制的相关研究,并根据从中获得的借鉴和启示对中国人口迁移流动的未来走势做出判断,认为目前我国人口在区域和乡城间迁移流动的减缓更多预示的是人口迁移流动形式的改变,而不是其整体规模和强度的下降,后者还有着相当大的上升空间;今后仍不可忽视针对迁移流动人口的各种公共服务的转移、接续问题,并要根据人口迁移流动形式的变化,尤其是人口在城市间和城市内部迁移流动上升的新形势,与时俱进地改进流动人口的管理和服务工作.     

我国人口迁移过程中的空间效应实证研究

在引力方程的框架下,基于O?D模型,针对现有研究忽视空间效应的现状,利用空间计量方法对我国人口迁移中的空间效应进行了实证研究。分析结果表明,引入空间效应后,不仅能够较好地解释我国人口在省际间的迁移,而且可以更深入地了解我国现阶段各省区间人口迁移的机制和方式。这不但是对人口迁移理论的有益扩展,对我国东西部地区人口合理流动,协调区域经济发展更是具有深刻的意义。     

上海市区人口迁移预测模型的研究

华东师范大学人口研究所于1984年夏进行了上海市人口迁移抽样调查,我们在数据整理的基础上,探讨了如何建立适合中国国情的地区人口迁移预测数学模型问题。 一、对模型的功能和应用的要求 近年来我国各地虽然对本地区的人口迁移作过一些初步预测,但至今仍限于预测未来迁移人口的总量,未能预报未来迁移人口的年龄性别构成。显然,这样的迁移预测是远远满足不了那些人口迁移数量比较大的地区对人口预测的要求的。因为在那些地区,未来迁移人口的年龄性别构成不仅会影响该地区未来的出生人数和死亡人数发生较大变化,而且还会影响该地区未来总人口的年龄性别构成发生较大变化,从而影响经济和社会的发展。同时,在那些地区如果排除了迁移人口年龄性别构成的预测和控制,那么所作出的未来人口发展最优规     

新疆省际人口迁移机制研究

新疆省际迁移人口,指从新疆以外的其他省区(包括国外)迁入新疆省际人口,以及从新疆迁往其他省区的迁出人口。解放以来,新疆省际迁移量之大,使她成为全国人口迁移量最大的省区之一。从1949年到1990年,累计迁入迁出新疆的净迁移人口达到267.08万人。这样巨大的人口迁移量,对新疆的人口增长过程产生了巨大的影响,同时,也对新疆解放以来国民经济各行业的发展,对于加强边疆地区的民族团结和政治稳定,缓解我国东部地区人口与资源压力,改变中国人口分布格局等,起到了不可估量的作用。随着改革开放的进一步深化,新疆省际迁移人口仍将对新疆的人口增长,国民经济的发展以及文化教育,政治等起到重大作用。     

中国人口再分布新形势及其社会经济效应研究——基于“六普”数据的分析

2000年以来,中国区域经济与人口分布状况发生了巨大的变化,区域经济迅速增长,产业结构急剧变动,人口空间格局出现了深刻的调整。总体上,区域人口增长势头有所放缓,空间格局向"多中心聚集"方向发展。在省际迁移中,广东一枝独秀的局面开始改变,人口迁移重心已由珠三角转移到长三角及其他地区,但东部地区仍然是最重要的人口承载区,同时人口在中、西部部分区域的回归正在加速。在此期间,人口迁移原因越来越多元化,社会因素逐渐增强,迁移流向更为复杂。因此,必须高瞻远瞩、统筹兼顾地对人口再分布进行合理的引导,使其更有利于区域经济和社会的发展。     

经济因素和政策因素与我国乡-城人口迁移规模的相关性研究

从乡村向城市的人口迁移（以下称乡—城人口迁移）是一种重要的人口迁移形式,随着我国改革开放以来乡—城人口迁移规模的增大,以及社会经济发展带来的利与弊,使乡—城人口迁移成为我国政府及学术界普遍关心的社会问题,因而对我国乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程及形成因素的研究具有重要意义。关于迁移人口的定义很多,本文中的迁移人口既包括户籍所在地未发生变化,仅改变了居住地的流动人口。迁移人口离开居住地的时间为半年。１．乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程一般说来,一国的城市化水平在没有达到较高水平前,人口由乡村向城市的迁移…     

人口迁移如何影响农村贫困

人口迁移能消除农村贫困,但在某种情况下,也会加剧农村贫困。当迁移人口向农村的人均汇款大于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移将消除或改善农村贫困;相反,当迁移人口的人均汇款小于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移恶化农村贫困。当前中国农村的人口迁移在整体上是在消除农村贫困,但局部地区开始出现人口迁移恶化农村贫困的现象。     

近年来我国人口迁移研究的研究设计与数据特点

从人口迁移研究的研究设计和数据特点出发 ,本文对人口迁移研究的数据类型和我国近年来人口研究的数据特点进行了总结和讨论。在此基础上提出我国人口迁移研究应当加强对流出地、非迁移人口和长期数据的搜集 ,以及对人口迁移的各方面影响的研究     

中国省际人口迁移的地缘效应与驱动机制:男女有别吗?

文章基于空间OD模型和“六普”人口省际迁移流数据,研究中国人口省际迁移流的地缘效应、驱动机制与男女差异.文章得出的主要结论:(1)中国人口迁移流内含显著的空间依赖,其中迁出、迁入地独立的空间自相关效应促进人口迁移,而迁出地-迁入地交互的空间自相关效应阻碍人口迁移.(2)总体上,中国人口省际迁移流受迁出地推力作用弱于迁入地的拉力作用,表明人口迁移更多是出于对迁入地的“美好预期”,而非对迁出地的“过度抱怨”.(3)人口迁移流的驱动机制有显著的性别差异:女性迁移流受驱动因子的影响强于男性,女性的失业风险、就业歧视更为明显;男性在人口迁移的空间选择上受空间依赖的影响强于女性,这与性别禀赋和社会环境有关.     

人口迁移与流动对我国各地区经济影响的实证分析

在对近十年来我国人口迁移和流动的时空演变格局进行初步考察的基础上,文章利用面板数据的变系数模型分别实证考察了人口迁移和流动对我国各地区(省域)经济的影响。结果发现:(1)我国各地区间人口迁移相对平稳,而人口流动在2000年以后呈现出持续快速增长的态势,且空间流向极不均衡;(2)人口的迁移和流动对中国整体经济来说是一个帕累托改进;(3)户籍制度对于发达地区起到了人才沙漏的作用;(4)对于中部的绝大部分地区以及西部的一些人口输出大省,伴随人口迁出而引起的人力资本流失对当地经济的负面影响开始凸显出来,人口流出虽然基本出现一个正面影响,但对本地经济发展的贡献并不如我们预想的那么明显。     

Migration and climate change: examining thresholds of change to guide effective adaptation decision-making

The implications of environmental change for migration are little understood. Migration as a response to climate change could be seen as a failure of in situ adaptation methods, or migration could be alternatively perceived as a rational component of creative adaptation to environmental risk. This paper frames migration as part of an adaptation response to climate change impacts to natural resource condition and environmental hazards. Thresholds will be reached by communities after which migration will become a vital component of an effective adaptation response. Such changes to migration patterns have the potential to undermine migration policy unless appropriate preparations are undertaken. This paper describes an approach to assist researchers to frame how climate change will influence migration by critically analysing how thresholds of fundamental change to migration patterns could be identified, primarily in relation to two case studies in Nepal and Thailand. Future policy for internal and international migration could be guided by the analysis of such thresholds of non-linear migration and resourced effectively to ensure that socio-economic and humanitarian outcomes are maximised.     

Net migration and migration effectiveness: A comparison between Australia and the United Kingdom, 1976–96

This paper explores the impact of net migration in Australia and the United Kingdom using measures of migration effectiveness computed from period-age migration data for four consecutive five-year periods. Results reported in Part 1 of this paper (Stillwellet al. 2000) suggest that while the overall effectiveness of net migration at the scale of city regions has declined over the twenty-year period in both countries, important geographical variations are evident. Part 2 considers how patterns of migration effectiveness vary by age and presents a single classification of all the city regions on the basis of age-specific effectiveness. More detailed analysis includes spatial patterns for particular age groups and net migration profiles of selected regions. Cohort effects are shown to be important for explaining changes between time periods in these regions.     

Modeling interregional migration flows: Continuity and change

This paper addresses the question of how to formally represent the spatial structure of an observed origin‐destination‐specific pattern of interregional migration flows. Such a representation allows an analyst to compare the spatial structures of different migration regimes and contrast their changes over time. It also facilitates the indirect estimation of migration flows, in the absence of such data, by allowing the analyst to impose a particular age or spatial structure when observed flow data are inadequate, partial, or completely nonexistent. In this paper, we focus on the level and allocation aspects (or the generation and distribution components) of age‐specific interregional migration flows. We find that over time these flows exhibit strong regularities that can be captured by generalized linear models, which can then be used in situations where data are inadequate or missing to indirectly estimate interregional migration patterns.     

Population dynamics in Germany: the role of immigration and population momentum

The effects of changes in rates of mortality, fertility, and migration depend not only on the age-specific patterns and levels of these rates, but on the age structure of the population. In order to remove the influences of the age structure and concentrate on the effects of the demographic rates themselves, a common practice is to analyze the influences of the rates for a standard age structure. This paper analyzes current and future population changes in Germany, using a stationary population equivalent model (SPE) that shows long-term effects of current fertility, mortality, and international migration patterns. Results indicate that the German population will eventually decline because of below replacement fertility, if net immigration does not counteract this decrease. This means, for instance, that the long-term stationary population levels for Germany will decrease by approximately 6.5 million during a decade in which current fertility, mortality, and international migration levels prevail. The paper also reports how various other assumptions for mortality, fertility, and international migration affect the SPE model for Germany.     

Demographic change and the needs-based planning of government services: projecting small area populations using spatial microsimulation

Changing patterns of longevity, fertility and migration in Australia have driven substantial changes in population age structure and household size and composition. Of the various dimensions of population change, population ageing is expected to present major challenges to the financing and sustainability of welfare state programs in industrialized countries. One key issue for many of these countries will be assessing where particular services will be required in the future. This paper outlines the application of new forecasting techniques that age a spatial microdataset to 2027. Two illustrative examples are provided to highlight the potential capacities of the new modelling approach for government service delivery planners. For many older people, ageing in place is important, but is more difficult when the person is single: and so the first illustrative application focuses on where aged single people will be living in 2027. The second application examines where future childcare places will be required given the projected growth in the number of children aged 3–4 years living in families where all parents are working. This information will be important for Government planners in deciding the best location for childcare places. The creation of synthetic small-area household microdata for future years offers great potential for a number of purposes, such as analysis of the likely future sociodemographic characteristics of individuals and families at the local level and assessment of the future geographic effect of alternative scenarios such as changes in labour force participation or fertility rates.     

Inferring Directional Migration Propensities from the Migration Propensities of Infants in the United States

Beginning with the 2010 decennial census, the U.S. Census Bureau plans to drop its long-form questionnaire and to replace it with the American Community Survey (ACS). The resulting absence of the larger sample provided by the census count will complicate the measurement and analysis of internal migration flows. In addition, the strategy of averaging accumulated samples over time will mix changing migration patterns. The migration question will refer to a one-year time interval instead of the five-year interval used in the censuses between 1960 and 2000, complicating historical comparisons and the production of multiregional projections based on five-year age groups. Consequently, students of territorial mobility increasingly will find it necessary to complement or augment possibly inadequate data collected on migration with estimates obtained by means of “indirect estimation.” A method is presented that allows one to infer age-specific directional migration propensities at the regional level from birthplace-specific infant population data, which approximates infant migration propensities, and from these infers the migration propensities of all other ages. The method is applied to at the nine-division spatial scale.     

地区发展、经济机会、收入回报与省际人口流动

利用最新的第六次全国人口普查数据,本文考察了省际人口流动的空间模式,发现省际人口流动呈现明显的空间聚集态势.并进一步分析地区差异对省际人口流动的影响,结果表明：作为流出地,一个地区的经济发展水平对于人口流出具有显著的阻力效应,但经济机会的多寡和经济回报的高低并无显著的影响;作为流入地,一个地区的经济发展水平对于吸引人口流入并不具有显著的影响,其“拉力”主要表现为经济机会的多寡和经济回报的高低.因地区发展不平衡短期内难以改变、经济开放性会继续增强、收入地区分化仍将存在,加上更加自由的流动环境和不断改善的交通和通讯条件,省级人口流动在局部地区集中的趋势将会进一步被强化.     

Internal migration in China, 1950–1988

This paper examines the long-term patterns of migration within China between 1950 and 1988. The analysis uses data from China S 1988 211,000 Fertility and Birth Control Survey, which asks respondents about their most recent interprovincial move. The results suggest that long-term migration patterns can be explained by political and economic changes in China. We argue that the approaches we introduce can offer significant insight into long-term migration patterns for countries where historical data on migration are unavailable or unreliable.     

Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific net migration in the United States

As fertility differences in the United States diminish, population redistribution trends are increasingly dependent on migration. This research used newly developed county-level age-specific net migration estimates for the 1990s, supplemented with longitudinal age-specific migration data spanning the prior 40 years, to ascertain whether there are clear longitudinal trends in age-specific net migration and to determine if there is spatial clustering in the migration patterns. The analysis confirmed the continuation into the 1990s of distinct net migration "signature patterns" for most types of counties, although there was temporal variation in the overall volume of migration across the five decades. A spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed large, geographically contiguous regions of net in-migration (in particular, Florida and the Southwest) and geographically contiguous regions of net out-migration (the Great Plains, in particular) that persisted over time. Yet the patterns of spatial concentration and fragmentation over time in these migration data demonstrate the relevance of this "neighborhood" approach to understanding spatiotemporal change in migration.     

京津冀地区人口迁移特征及其影响因素分析

本文描述了1990年以来京津冀地区在人口迁移的活跃程度和空间分布的新特征。通过建立计量模型,对1990年和2000年影响京津冀地区人口迁移的综合因素进行了比较分析。结论显示:人均GDP差距已经成为影响人口迁移的首要因素,市场化水平、产业结构对人口迁移的影响力在逐渐上升。针对京津冀地区人口迁移可能存在的问题和影响,本文对京津冀地区未来的人口发展战略提出了相关政策建议。