严厉打“两非”关爱女孩成长

全省卫生系统坚决贯彻落实全国关爱女孩行动电视电话会议和《通知》精神，以及《贵州省禁止非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别终止妊娠的规定》，充分发挥职能作用，制定一系列政策措施，建立健全规章制度，禁止各级各类医疗保健机构开展非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠手术。省卫生厅专门成立“打击非法行医办公室”，组织开展“非法行医专项治理工作”，对非法鉴定胎儿性别和非法开展计划生育手术的医疗机构和个体诊所严厉查处，进一步规范医疗市场。同时严格母婴专项技术；隹入，依法开展母婴保健工作。省卫生厅先后制发了《管理办法》《实施细则》等规范性文件，明确规定任何机构，包括开展产前诊断和产前筛查技术的医疗保健机构，不得擅自进行胎儿性别鉴定。并下发《通知》，指定医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定专门机构，积极配合有关部门深入扎实地推动关爱女孩行动的开展。     

《南方人口》2006年总目录

人口与计划生育广州市流动人口政策外生育分析及对策………………………………谢安国、许先云、廖卫斌、赵道静(1-1)赋权“外来人口”以“计划生育公民待遇”———浙江省绍兴市人口计生综合改革中的探索和经验穆光宗、余利明、魏鹏程、杨越忠、姚达(2-1)………………………………………………………………………………展示人口战略研究成果研讨人口与发展问题………………………………………………………张枫(3-1)“产前性别鉴定”监管困境的博弈分析……………………………………………………钟庆才、朱秀杰(1-4)实行信息化层级动态管理责…     

惩防并举综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题

阳江市曾是广东省出生人口性别比偏高较为严重的地级市之一,通过深入调研,结果表明导致全市出生人口性别比偏高的原因虽然是多方面的,但个别医疗机构、医务人员、孕妇进行非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠的“两非”行为是最直接的原因。为此,2004年以来,市委、市政府调整部署,突出重点,惩防并举,将打击“两非”作为遏制出生人口性别比升高的重要措施来抓,在全市开展专项整治行动,出生人口性别比逐年稳步下降。     

江苏赣榆县打击“两非”出实招

江苏省赣榆县卫生局从进一步加大完善工作制度、强化监管措施、落实责任追究等举措入手,积极与计生部门配合,严厉打击非医学需要鉴定胎儿性别和选择性终止妊娠的行为,取得明显成效。 2005年以来,县卫生局结合贯彻落实县委、县政府关于“治理出生人口性别比问题的有关规定”,以切实加强对B超等现代化医疗设备使用管理为重点,以严禁利用B超、化验等手段进行非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定为重任,建立健全了系列监督管理和举报制度, 联合县计生局在B超室、妇产科等重点科室设立了“鉴定胎儿性别违法”、“选择性终止妊娠犯法”等醒目的宣传警示牌,将各种制度和管理措施上墙、上栏,建     

中国出生性别比偏高及其诠释

在传统意识和现代观念中，子女性别偏好，尤其是男孩偏好，从东亚、南亚，到中东以及北非的广大发展中国家或发达国家都普遍存在，这是许多国家性别比偏高的社会文化基础。在自然生育状态下，多生孩子几乎是满足期望的子女性别结构的唯一手段。当今世界，无论是自愿的或是非自愿的生育率下降已经成为全球性的共同特征，少生孩子成为人们追求的时尚。伴随现代避孕、胎儿性别鉴定、人工流产等技术的进步与普及，为人们满足既要少生，又要实现理想的子女性别结构提供了手段，产前胎儿性别鉴定和性别选择人工流产在一些国家或地区普遍存在，如韩国、中国、日本、印度、孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、台湾、香港等。中国自1980年代就出现了出生性别比偏高且持续上升的现象，有大量中外文献从社会、经济、文化、生育、死亡、统计等因素对中国出生性别比偏高的历程、程度和原因进行了详尽的研究。经过一段时期的争论，达成了基本一致的观点：产前胎儿性别鉴定和性别选择人工流产是中国出生性别比偏高的主导因素。但是，人们为什么要进行产前性别鉴定和性别选择流产？对这个问题尚缺乏深入一步的研究。本文将在对中国1980年代以来的出生性别比进行多种方法综合判断的基础上，对出生性别比偏高程度、特点、原因和性别选择模式进行深入的探讨和分析。     

中国农村产前性别选择的决定因素分析

本文根据笔者于2000年2月利用"亲属网络法"对中国中部某县820名20～44岁的已婚妇女所做的问卷调查和对当地农民、乡(村)干部、计生工作者和医务人员进行深入访谈的数据,利用交叉列表和LOGISTIC回归,对中国农村产前性别选择的决定因素进行了初步分析.研究表明胎次、胎儿性别和已有子女性别是产前性别鉴定和性别选择性人工流产的主要决定因素,农民不愿多生但想生男孩的生育意愿是产前性别选择的根本原因,而传宗接代是农民富裕后生育儿子的主要考虑.因此,扭转人们重男轻女、传宗接代观念是解决出生性别比上升的治本之路.     

中国出生人口性别比:从存疑到求解

背景1982年第三次人口普查数据公布以后,中国出生性别比问题就已经开始引起国内外学者的广泛关注。但在20世纪90年代中期以前,国内外学者对于我国出生人口性别比偏高问题的“真假性”却有着不同的看法。有些学者认为出生性别比问题是由漏报或瞒报女婴所造成的,也就是说我国的这种性别比偏高是“假性”的,因为这部分漏报或瞒报的女性婴儿事实上已经存活于世,只是在人口普查统计中没有被反映出来,她们会在离调查时点较远的时间里逐渐显现。也有学者认为性别比偏高主要是由于女婴死亡率偏高或产前性别鉴定和性别选择流产决定的,我国的这种性别…     

当前大学生就业歧视的经济分析

当前大学生就业问题日益严重,用人单位的就业歧视行为,如学历歧视和院校歧视等也愈演愈烈。经济分析使我们了解到,由于劳动力市场信息不对称,从而导致用人单位将学历和文凭视为市场信号,因而用人单位的学历歧视和院校歧视行为并非盲目的非理性行为,而是符合“经济人”假设的理性行为。     

对生育性别选择的道德思考

笔者通过数据分析得出的基本判断是：中国人口出生性别比持续攀高、异常程度越来越深的第一位原因可能随着时间推移在发生变化，这一变化的基本特点就是．产前性别鉴定及相应的性别选择性人工流产在起着越来越重要的作用。     

转变社会事业发展方式的新路径——对流动人口计生“一盘棋”机制的深层思考

“一盘棋”的特征与成效 流动人口向来是人口计生工作的难点与瓶颈。流动人口计划生育服务管理中流出地流入地信息割裂封闭、底数不清、责任不明、监管缺位、服务缺失以及流动人口中非婚生育、非意愿妊娠时有发生、育龄群众为孕检办证返乡奔波、维权困难等问题长期困扰着政府管理部门、基层工作人员和广大育龄群众。为破解这一难题，     

Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex‐Selective Abortion in Rural Central China

This study analyzes the practice of prenatal sex selection in rural central China. It examines the prevalence and determinants of prenatal sex determination by ultrasound scanning and subsequent sex‐selective abortion. The data are derived from a survey of 820 married women aged 20–44 and from in‐depth interviews with rural women and men, village leaders, family planning managers, and health providers, conducted by the author in one county in central China in 2000. Prenatal sex determination was a widespread practice, especially for second and higher‐order pregnancies. Sex‐selective abortion was prevalent and order of pregnancy, sex of fetus, and sex of previous children were major determinants of the practice. A female fetus representing a high‐order pregnancy in a family with one or more daughters was the most likely to be aborted. Awareness among rural families that in the population at large a future marriage squeeze was likely did not diminish the demand for sex‐selective abortion.     

Is prenatal sex selection associated with lower female child mortality?

I examine whether prenatal sex selection has substituted postnatal excess female mortality by analysing the dynamics of child sex ratios between 1980 and 2015 using country-level life table data. I decompose changes in child sex ratios into a ‘fertility’ component attributable to prenatal sex selection and a ‘mortality’ component attributable to sex differentials in postnatal survival. Although reductions in numbers of excess female deaths have accompanied increases in missing female births in all countries experiencing the emergence of prenatal sex selection, relative excess female mortality has persisted in some countries but not others. In South Korea, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, mortality reductions favouring girls accompanied increases in prenatal sex selection. In India, excess female mortality was much higher and largely stable as prenatal sex selection emerged, but slight reductions were seen in the 2000s. In China, although absolute measures showed reductions, relative excess female mortality persisted as prenatal sex selection increased.     

广东出生人口性别比偏高的现状、原因与对策

本文对广东出生人口性别比偏高的现状与特点进行分析的基础上,就其危害与成因以及应采取的相应对策进行了探讨。作者指出:传宗接代问题、农村养老问题、性别选择、溺弃女婴、瞒报和基层计生工作不到位等是导致出生人口性别比偏高的最主要因素,要促进性别比平衡必须采取有效措施,实行综合治理。     

Representing sex workers in video games: feminisms,fantasies of exceptionalism,and the value of erotic labor

This article critiques the representation of sex workers in “AAA” video games, with a focus on the devaluing of erotic labor. Existing feminist commentary has interpreted these representations as examples of the objectification of female game characters, perpetuating harmful misconceptions of sex work as fundamentally exploitative. By contrast, taking cues from feminist media studies, porn studies, and sex workers rights activism, I argue that what makes these representations of sex workers problematic is not their engagement in erotic labor but the ways that the games in which they appear devalue that labor, through both dialogue and interactive elements. Across their many appearances in AAA games, it is strikingly common for sex workers to offer their services to player-characters for free or at a discount, or for games to allow players to take their money back after erotic labor has been performed. This contributes to a gendered fantasy of exceptionalism in which a player-character’s masculinity is tied to being too attractive or too powerful to pay for sex. Critiquing these representations demonstrates how AAA video games prompt players to reenact widespread cultural biases against sex work. It also points toward the need for a diversity of feminisms within game studies.     

户籍制度改革:一个合作博弈框架内的分析

尽管已经有很多人研究了户籍制度改革 ,但是这项研究仍然有待深入。与已经有的研究不同 ,本文认为户籍制度的改革过程就是一个改革所涉及的利益各方博弈的过程。目前 ,户籍制度改革出现了看似矛盾的现象 :一方面 ,全国范围内尤其是中小城镇的户籍制度改革进展相当快 ;另一方面 ,大城市的户籍制度改革却举步维艰。不同的地区户籍制度改革进展的差异显然需要更有力的解释 ,而不是一味指责。因此 ,本文试图在一个合作博弈的框架内对户籍制度改革中的问题做出合理的解释     

Indirect evidence of the contribution of prenatal sex selection practices to the high sex ratio at birth in Vietnam

This paper reports indirect evidence that prenatal sex selection is a contributor to the recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Vietnam. The paper uses birth data from the Population Change Survey 2006 to assess the associations between sex ratio at birth and variables that predict increased opportunities to practise prenatal sex selection, including maternal knowledge of foetal sex before birth, the use of ultrasound for foetal sex determination, the gestation week when foetal sex was disclosed, and access to abortion services. The high sex ratio of most recent births was significantly associated with the use of ultrasound to determine the foetal sex in gestation weeks 12–22 and with access to family planning services that provide abortion. Prenatal sex selection in health facilities are likely to contribute to the recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Vietnam.     

Countering rumors about contraceptives

Rumors are among the serious problems of the National Population Program today. The principles related to the origin of rumors, who starts rumors pertaining to family planning, and how they spread are outlined. The basic approach in countering rumors for the pill and IUD is diagrammed so that each potential rumor is countered by a medical or nonmedical/technical explanation. Strategies used by information-education-communication programs to prevent rumors such as the small group discussion, selection and training of motivators, and use of mass media are discussed. Rumors about family planning are counteracted not with the use of elaborate techniques but with clear and fairly simple reassurances supported by medical evidence and case histories.     

Shanghai adopts family planning regulations

These Regulations, adopted by the Municipal People's Congress of Shanghai on 14 March 1990, do the following: a) strictly prohibit any units and individuals from identifying the sex of a fetus without medical reasons; b) add 1 additional week to the marriage leave of couples who marry at the age set for late marriage (25 for males and 23 for females); c) add 15 days of maternity leave for women who give birth at the age set for late birth (24) and 3 days for their spouses; d) impose a fine equal to 3 to 6 times their average annual income if a couple have an unplanned birth (calculated on the basis of their income 2 years before the birth); and e) subject a couple who have an unplanned birth to disciplinary action by their working units if they work for others or by the administrative department of industry and commerce if they are self employed. Second births are allowed if a first child "can not become normal because of nonhereditary diseases," if both husband and wife are single children, or if a "remarried couple had only one child before their remarriage." The Regulations provide that "the improvement of birth quality and good upbringing of children should be promoted, advice on heredity should be provided, and premarital examinations [should] be conducted." They also stipulate that "A woman should terminate her pregnancy or undergo a sterilization operation if both husband and wife (or either of them) have [a] hereditary or other disease not medically suitable for birth." The provisions of these Regulations prohibiting prenatal sex selection were reported in Annual Review of Population Law, Vol. 17, 1990, Section 240.     

High Sex Ratios at Birth in the Caucasus: Modern Technology to Satisfy Old Desires

During the 1990s, the sex ratio at birth increased considerably and simultaneously in the three independent Caucasian countries, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. At the end of the first decade of the twenty‐first century, levels remain abnormally high in Armenia and Azerbaijan (above 114 male births per 100 female births) and show erratic trends in Georgia. Analyzing data from demographic surveys carried out around 2005, we confirm the persistence of high sex ratios in these three countries and document significant differences in fertility intentions and behavior according to the sex of the previous child or children that constitute evidence of the practice of sex‐selective abortion. These countries combine societal features and medical systems that make this phenomenon possible: son preference in a context of low fertility and the possibility of prenatal sex selection given easy access to ultrasound screening and induced abortion. Why high sex ratios are observed only in these three countries of the sub‐region remains, however, an open question.     

The claim that China's fertility restrictions contributed to the use of prenatal sex selection: A sceptical reappraisal

Most observers assume that China's fertility restrictions contribute to the use of prenatal sex selection. I question the logic and evidence underlying that assumption. Experts often stress that China's low fertility is largely voluntary, and that fertility restrictions are an unneeded safety valve. Others claim that China's ‘1.5-child’ loophole, common throughout rural areas, reinforces son preference or intensifies prenatal sex discrimination by hardening fertility constraints. These claims defy logic upon closer examination. Moreover, almost two-thirds of the exceptional distortion of the sex ratio in 1.5-child areas results from excess underreporting of daughters and enforced sex-specific stopping. Prenatal sex selection may explain the remaining third but probably reflects the stronger rural son preference that led to the 1.5-child loophole itself. The recent surge in sex selection of first births that has perpetuated the distortions also seems unrelated to policy. Some son-preferring parents who formerly wanted two children may now genuinely want only one.