媒体建构：自杀社会意义的赋予——以中国1919–1928年社会运动中自杀事件报道为例

摘要：中国1919-1928年社会运动中的自杀事件发生后,报道运用媒体设计的方法与多种修辞手段,从故事叙事模式、话语结构与话语策略上,赋予自杀行动正面而又积极的社会意义,是为了提高公众对国家共同价值和民族危机的认同,以便动员民众、共同御侮。媒体对自杀社会意义的赋予,具有社会建构的特征。这种建构是当时社会赋予媒体的使命,体现了自杀行动者个人与社会的双向互动,双向建构的循环关系是当时中国社会结构和社会意识形态发生变化的结果。     

权力的嵌入性分析——国有资产重组下的企业结盟

本文对企业行动者之间的权力关系、策略互动及其所嵌入的社会网络与制度环境提供了一个解释框架。文章运用组织决策学派的“权力”概念,对国有资产重组下的国有资产经营公司与民企联盟的结盟进行了分析。在 “嵌入性”概念的基础上,作者认为,作为结盟前提的权力嵌入于社会网络之中,并且嵌入于中国市场化改革与政体连续性的制度背景之中,因此给权力关系与结盟带来了不确定性。文章试图把“权力”带回企业结盟分析的中心,在理论上对格兰诺维特的社会网络嵌入与倪志伟的制度嵌入进行综合,提出应洞察行动者所嵌入的社会网络以及更为广泛的制度因素对企业行动者的影响。     

市场的社会建构与行动者的逻辑：对上海电视剧市场的研究

近年来,随着中国经济社会结构的快速转型,广播电视制度也正在经历着快速变迁,促使电视剧的制作、交易与播映等日趋市场化。面对来自政治和社会的双重作用,围绕电视剧及其运作过程中的不确定性,参与其中的制片公司、电视台以及政府管理部门都试图策略性地主导权力关系的运作。区别于以往“网络结构分析”与“政治文化分析”的市场社会学传统,本文引入了“行动者分析”的视角,将市场视为一种不同行动者参与的社会建构过程。通过分析上海电视剧市场运作的实证资料,本文阐明了行动者的策略性行动及其身处的结构性制约,并对市场秩序的建构性与变动性特征进行了讨论。     

友谊的可能性——一种自我认同与社会团结的机制

在现代化的冲击下,自我认同与社会团结的传统支持机制已经失去了固有魅力,其危机已然成为现代性境况下紧迫的本体性安全问题。对友谊的现象学构造和社会学结构进行探究可知：一方面,亚里士多德意义上的友谊之“真正的”自爱基础、意义价值的自我生产与衡量体系、主体存在性地位的自我认识与确证的主体间性构造,是社会行动者达至“与自我一致”从而实现“自我认同”的实在性条件;另一方面,友谊关系主体之间的共享恳谈、他我意向性态度、行动自律与道德自觉,则是社会行动者达至“与他者一致”从而实现“社会团结”的有效机制。然而,由于工具理性的强化、资本逻辑的宰制以及人类自身行为方式的异化,使得人们对友谊的建构几乎完全沦落为私领域的个人事务。笔者认为,现代性的友谊要重新恢复其作为自我认同与社会团结之重要机制的角色,既有必要启动人类心灵解放的第二次远航;还有必要对促进友谊之社会性伦理品格的提升加大政治性的集体投入。     

在制度与关系之间:商业银行小企业信贷中的信任建构

摘要：本文从信任的角度出发，发现交易中的关系信任和制度信任是交织作用的，并促进了信贷交易，二者都是通过行动者发挥作用，行动者在行动中遵循的是“自我〖CD*2〗情境”策略。制度化的信任在经济生活中凸现出它的重要地位，并具备了一定的独立性，是现代企业的基础，是不可替代的。制度信任的缺陷可由关系信任弥补；关系信任的风险，须制度信任制约。只有建立良好的制度，关系才能更好地发挥其积极意义，克服其负面效应。     

双重抛弃：社会与社会学的张力——兼与肖瑛商榷

摘要：没有社会的社会学和没有社会学的社会是社会与社会学彼此抛弃的必然结果。社会学要回归社会,必须明确其知识体系的基础,即社会和社会性的概念界定、基本内涵、社会主体。但社会概念的空泛化、去人化使其合法性、根性得以丧失。肖瑛给出了回归社会学的辅路途径,布迪厄引入“场域”代替“社会”。社会与社会学的张力导致社会与社会学相行渐远,社会和社会学的双重失根也成为必然。社会的失序、社会性中介的断裂、媒体与大众单一化终结了社会性,也终结着社会学。社会与社会学的张力的化解成为社会和社会学发展必须跨越的一道坎。     

价值观研究与文化社会学的再思考

自20世纪50年代帕森斯将价值观及其制度化作为社会学的主要研究对象以来,以价值观为基础的研究路径一直是社会学研究的主流。但是,随着经验研究和相关理论,尤其是文化社会学理论的挑战,这种将价值观视为"潜在变量"、以价值观为基础的研究路径受到质疑。文化社会学认为,文化不是通过决定行动者的目的,而是通过限制行动者构建行动策略的文化资源来影响行动。从这种视角来看,文化不是内在协调的无缝之网,而是碎片化和情景性的。价值观研究的重点不再是价值观社会化的过程,也不是行动者对价值观的持有程度,而是行动者可得的文化资源及其组织这些资源的方式。价值观研究应尝试回答:为什么行动者在具体情境下形成某种而非其他价值观?哪些社会结构或环境因素影响了价值观的形成?价值观与价值观之间冲突、融合、消亡的逻辑是什么?文化社会学发展的"工具箱"或"模式库"理论为价值观研究提供了重要的理论工具,也为联结微观层面行动者的能动性和宏观层面的社会环境提供了理论思路。     

“汽车梦”的社会建构:对《南方周末》（1998～2007）汽车广告内容的分析

今日中国,拥有汽车已成为大多数城市家庭幸福生活的一种理想。在“汽车梦”的社会建构过程中,作为一种消费意识形态的汽车广告在其中起了非常大的作用。本文以《南方周末》（1998～2007）为例,对近十年的汽车广告内容进行分析。文章认为,“个体享乐性想象认同”和“社会参照性成功认同”是汽车广告用来建构“汽车梦”的两个重要的“认同策略”,其影响作用远远超过了汽车广告中的“功用策略”,对广告内容分析的结果证明了本文所提出的研究假设。文章最后对“汽车梦”为什么在近十年得到极力建构的社会根源进行了探讨,并对其所带来的潜在的社会后果进行了深刻的反思。

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当代社会学中的阶级分析：理论视角和分析范式

本文系统梳理了当代社会学研究中的阶级分析文献,揭示了阶级分析视角的核心和多元化的分析范式。阶级分析视角的核心是基于社会关系定义的结构性位置,是关于社会不平等及相关社会现象系统化的结构性解释。多元化的分析范式主要包括：（1）研究对象上的宏观层次（解释大规模社会变迁和转型事件）与微观层次（解释阶级对个人态度、行为和生活机会的影响）;（2）分析思路上的 “结构-意识-行动”（将阶级作为“集体行动者”）与“结构-状况-选择”（将阶级作为“生活条件综合信号”）;（3）解释逻辑上的“剥削和利益形成逻辑”、“状况逻辑或理性行动逻辑”和“结构化（或同质性）逻辑”。     

多元话语分析：社会分析模式的新尝试

话语分析就是对那些已经说出来的“话”究竟是以怎样的方式以及按照什么样的规则被说出和被传播的过程加以分析。多元话语分析就是从多元主义的立场对话语进行分析。倡导多元话语分析的目的是消除以实证主义和古典诠释社会学为主要代表的传统“实在论”分析模式在社会研究中的影响。多元话语分析包括话语策略分析和话语构成规则分析等基本程序。采用多元话语分析模式进行社会研究,对我们具有多方面的重要意义。     

Animals,Agency and Resistance

In this paper we develop a relational approach to the question of animal agency. We distinguish between agency and action and, using three examples of non‐human animal behaviour, explore how human‐other animal interactions might be understood in terms of action, agency and resistance. In order to do this we draw on the distinction between primary and corporate agency found in the work of Margaret Archer, arguing that, while non‐human animals are able to act and to exercise primary agency, they are unable to exercise corporate agency. Animals are therefore agents; they act and their actions have consequences, they also resist conditions which they do not like and, in some circumstances, are able to change the conditions of their agency. We discuss the place of animals in the social world and the political implications of this way of viewing animal agency.     

Structure, Agency and Social Transformation

Revisiting the structure/agency debate, the article puts forward the broad position shared by Giddens'structuration theory and Bhaskar's transformational model. It defends Giddens'concept of structure as'rules and resources'against charges of idealism, arguing that its strength is its focus on the interface of structure and agency. But both Giddens and Bhaskar emphasise social reproduction as an unintended consequence of social action. Taking issue with postmodern pessimism, the article goes on to consider the conditions of possibility, and requisite forms of knowledgeability, for deliberate social transformation.     

Determinism and the Recovery of Human Agency: The Embodying of Persons

Intending the recovery of human agency with the aid of theories of human socio-cultural life, Turner and Harre do so however in terms of conflicting conceptions of the embodying of persons. Consequently, their theories share the problem of determinism and embodied human agency. This is the problem of the proper location of agency with regard to the person, the body, and society. These theories then are in fundamental conflict on exactly this issue of the proper location of agency. Turner's thesis of location: in the beginning is the body, and therefore the person. Thus Turner's recovery of agency: the effectiveness of persons resides in the discourse-independent agency of the bodies of persons. Harre's thesis of location: in the beginning is the person, and therefore the body. Thus Harre's recovery of agency: the effectiveness of persons resides in the discursive agency of persons embodied. For both Turner and Harre the intent to recover agency through embodiment is also a scientific intent. Thus, the problem of the proper location of agency requires that agency must be formulated in terms of ubiquitous determinism and not regularity determinism: only the former provides a conception of causal powers. To answer the question of location Turner is led to Merleau-Pontian phenomenology and its conception of the lived body. Instead, Harre enlists a realist philosophy of science with its special conception of causual powers. A systematic conception of agentive causation is shown to constitute the recovery of human agency and to enable us to make principled determinations in the assignment of agency. It is argued that, since phenomenology presumes the ontology of regularity determinism, it cannot provide us with what it in fact denies, a conception of causal powers. It is argued that Merleau-Ponty moved from his idea of the actual body as lived to the actual body as flesh, and in that reformulation it is best understood as causal powers. It is argued that without a conception of causal powers Turner's use of the lived body to establish the agency of effective persons must fail, revealing instead that the effectiveness of persons is the discursive agency of persons embodied. Persons discursively embodied enact the practices of speech acts and action signs systems.     

Applying critical social work in direct practice with families

This paper seeks to further discourse concerning the implications of critical social work for direct practice with families and children. It presents and discusses a hypothetical example of how a social worker in a social care agency in Israel can incorporate critical social work notions into an official social work report. The paper begins by presenting key concepts in critical social work, their manifestations in practice and their implications for official social work reports. It then presents a mock report informed by critical social work ideas and discusses its structure and contents. The mock report provides an example of how abstract notions central to critical social work can be actualized. The paper thus offers practitioners the opportunity for a richer discourse on the contribution of critical social work to direct practice with families and children.     

Elderly Victims of Family Abuse,Neglect, and Maltreatment:

Analysis was conducted on 30 cases of elder abuse, neglect, and maltreatment of the elderly seen by attorneys in a legal aid agency in Detroit between 1979 and 1981. The data were collected as part of a larger study of elder abuse cases seen by a variety of agencies in the Detroit area. Analysis revealed that most of the victims suffered from more than one type of abuse or maltreatment. As might be expected, the most common type of abuse seen in the legal aid agency was financial abuse. The study also showed that a legal agency can provide a type of service other agencies cannot provide. These services include: court actions, non-court actions which require the service of a lawyer, and non-legal actions in which an attorney can bring about action through the perceived threat of court action.     

Agency,complexity, memory: A scholarship for western places

Agency, complexity, and memory are core values for the scholarship, especially the historical scholarship, of western places in the 21st Century. The doctrine of agency derives from action theory in philosophy and individualism in sociology. Chaos theory and its companion, complexity, defy determinisms and lead scholars toward narrative explanations capable of dealing with organized complexity. Collective memory situates scholars in a western landscape and society where they are responsible for the stories they tell.     

Explaining with Intentional Omissions

Determining the human activity that social processes consist in is a central task for the philosophy of the social sciences. This paper asks: which conception of agency arising from contemporary action theory is the most suitable for social science explanation? It is argued that a movement-centered, Davidsonian picture of agency is not suitable for explaining certain social processes such as strikes and boycotts because, instead of intentional bodily movements, they are explained by the intentional omissions of agents. I propose that instead of intentional bodily movements, social processes are better explained by phenomena in which an agent is taking an active relation both to her mental or bodily processes as well as to what is happening around her. Thus, to fully explain social processes, a comprehensive theory of agency that can account for intentional actions and intentional omissions and a conception of agency that includes both materialist and volitionalist aspects is needed.     

A "consumer-friendly" model of implementation

Policy analysts and citizen groups have long struggled with the complexities of the implementation process. The model presented here empowers students, community organizers, and consumers with theoretically sound and practically useful procedures for assessing the extent to which social agencies are implementing any particular policy or piece of legislation. It also identifies key implementation processes for citizens to target in their agency change efforts. Specific research results are presented to illustrate the practical utility of the model.     

"Not prepared to care" and "raising the bar": case examples of building university-community partnerships in gerontological social work research

This paper examines university-community partnerships in gerontological social work research. Utilizing a case study approach, the process of collaboration is explored within the context of a two-phase research project conducted jointly by agency social workers, social work students and a social work faculty member. The benefits and challenges of the university-community research partnership are discussed along with the implications for gerontological social work research, education and practice.