虚拟团队关键成功因素模型构建与实证研究

在对虚拟团队相关文献深入检索与分析的基础上,归纳、提炼出影响虚拟团队成功的15项关键因素,构建了虚拟团队关键成功因素三维(目标、成员、沟通)模型假设;通过对国内12家IT企业的问卷调查,收集到242条有效数据;利用描述性统计分析对15项关键因素进行了验证,利用R型因子聚类分析对三维模型假设进行验证,结果表明15项关键成功因素体现在目标一致性、信息技术能力、成员素质、领导能力和沟通协调能力五个维度上;最后,从这五个方面出发,给出了提升虚拟团队绩效的针对性策略.     

学习型组织中的虚拟团队知识共享模型研究

传统的知识共享理论不能直接应用到虚拟团队知识共享研究之中,为克服虚拟团队知识共享存在的障碍,对交互记忆系统运作的核心--元记忆目录进行了扩展,加入元知识和社会网络2个维度,以帮助虚拟团队解决统一知识表述、规范专长认知、知识资源描述和展现内部实际沟通网络等问题.以扩展性元记忆目录为核心,建立了基于交互记忆理论的虚拟团队知识共享模型,并对知识共享模型各因素的相互关系进行了分析,提出了未来研究的结构方程模型.     

虚拟团队学习和团队效能及组织效能问关系的实证研究

本研究对虚拟团队学习取向和学习行为对团队效能和组织效能的效果产生的影响进行了研究.作者通过问卷调查的方法,对30多家企业中的307位有过虚拟团队工作经验的人员进行了调查.结果显示,虚拟团队学习取向和学习行为对团队绩效有显著影响,对组织的财务绩效和知识绩效也有显著的效应量.     

沟通技术和时间因素对虚拟团队过程影响实验研究

以学生为实验对象,进行由48个3人组参与的2×2因子实验,对不同技术条件和团队发展阶段下的虚拟团队进行模拟.通过时实验对象的问卷调查,收集贫瘠和丰富沟通技术条件下虚拟团队在早期阶段和后期阶段的信任水平、冲突水平和绩效水平数据,并以此分析两类沟通技术在虚拟团队发展的不同阶段对团队内冲突和信任水平的影响以及虚拟团队过程中信任的调节作用和绩效的反馈作用.研究结果表明,在虚拟团队发展的早期阶段,丰富度高的沟通技术会引发更多的关系冲突,不利于团队信任的建立,并且在促使成员积极讨论任务方面的优势并不明显;在虚拟团队发展的后期阶段,团队中的信任和冲突水平受到前期绩效的反馈作用和技术变更的影响,早期绩效对后期团队内冲突和信任具有显著的反馈作用,技术变更带来关系冲突水平的增加,而沟通技术在后期阶段将不再是影响团队内信任和冲突的主要因素;信任的调节作用在虚拟情境下得到验证.     

研发团队反思的结构检验及其对团队效能与效率的影响

团队已经成为动态环境下企业从事研发活动的基本工作单元,而团队反思是影响团队绩效的—个关键因素.本研究通过借鉴国外相关研究结论、企业访谈与小组讨论,编制测量研发团队反思的问卷.预试样本的探索性分析表明,研发团队反思为三因素结构,即任务反省、过程反省与行动调整.然后通过对正式样本的调查分析,验证了研发团队反思的三维结构模型;分析结果还表明团队反思的三因素对任务绩效与合作满意均能产生显著正向影响,行动调整对团队效率也产生显著正向影响,而任务反省与过程反省对团队效率没有显著影响.     

虚拟科研团队中成员个性与知识贡献关系的实证研究

虚拟科研团队已经成为跨国校际研究合作的一种发展趋势。在远距离虚拟科研团队中,成员是否愿意分享本地知识将关系到整个团队项目的成败。本文借用社会交换理论,提出团队成员的个性差异变量会影响知识共享行为的假设,并通过对21个虚拟科研团队151名成员的问卷调研发现:与经典的组织理论假设相反,在虚拟科研团队中,成员交换意识越强,经济收益和社会收益对知识贡献行为的正面影响越弱。这一研究启示了虚拟科研团队在选择激励机制时应重视激励因素与成员个性因素的交互作用,避免负面影响。     

个人人际网络特征对虚拟团队成员绩效影响的实证研究

在对社会网络理论和虚拟团队相关文献进行深入检索和分析的基础上,归纳出网络结构(稀疏性、中心性)和知识多样性等个人人际网络特征变量,提出影响虚拟团队成员绩效(总体绩效和创新绩效)的4项假设.然后,对日本电报电话公司移动通信网分公司内部"MAGIC"项目小组的绩效问题进行了实证研究,假设得到验证.研究结果表明,网络结构和知识多样性对个人绩效存在显著的促进作用,可为高科技企业中类似的虚拟团队员工的绩效管理提供参考.     

心理契约对目标绩效的影响研究:以工作满意和努力为中介变量

编制了建设项目团队成员心理契约、工作满意、工作努力、目标绩效的调查问卷,对9家国有企业建设项目的300多名团队成员进行实地调查,共收集278份有效问卷,构建了建设项目团队成员心理契约对目标绩效的影响关系并以工作满意、工作努力作为中介变量的结构模型,采用验证性因素分析法和结构方程模型方法进行分析,研究结果表明:建设项目团队成员心理契约由交易型、关系型和管理型心理契约构成;工作满意对建设项目团队成员心理契约满足程度与建设项目关系绩效的关系具有完全中介作用;工作努力对建设项目团队成员关系型、管理型心理契约满足程度与建设项目任务绩效的关系具有完全中介作用。最后,基于结论给出构建建设项目团队成员激励及目标实现机制的管理启示。     

相对绩效评估与综合绩效评估的激励效率比较分析

绩效评估及其激励效率是团队激励中的重要问题。本文比较分析了相对绩效评估机制和综合绩效评估机制的激励效率,并将其应用于虚拟研发组织的绩效评价中。通过单期和多期团队激励模型的比较研究,本文得到的基本结论为:单期下相对绩效评估占优,而多期下综合绩效评估更具有激励效率;综合绩效评估具有自我执行、防范共谋及促进团队合作的特性。在此基础上,构建了虚拟研发组织绩效评价的基本框架。     

虚拟品牌社群认同对品牌忠诚的影响

通过对来自电子消费产品虚拟品牌社群的324个社群成员样本进行基于结构方程模型的数据分析,探讨了社群成员对虚拟品牌社群的认同(包含品牌认同和群体认同)影响品牌忠诚的作用机理,并考察了社群成员的参与程度的调节作用。研究结果显示,社群成员对虚拟品牌社群的认同通过社群意识和品牌承诺这两个变量,对品牌忠诚存在不同程度的影响,其中品牌认同通过品牌承诺对品牌忠诚产生间接影响,品牌认同对品牌忠诚的影响程度要大于群体认同对品牌忠诚的影响程度。另外社群成员的参与程度作为调节变量在品牌认同和社群意识之间以及群体认同和社群意识之间有调节效应。     

Shared leadership across cultures: Do traditionalism and virtuality matter?

Shared leadership, in which the role of the leader is shared across team members, has great potential, yet little is known about the conditions under which it may be more or less effective across cultures. We examine traditionalism and the extent of virtuality as features which may change the relationship between shared leadership and team effectiveness, among 211 individuals working in 56 teams in a multinational aerospace design collaboration. We find a 3-way interaction between traditionalism, virtuality, and shared leadership in predicting team effectiveness. When traditionalism was high, virtuality was essential for shared leadership and team effectiveness. The theoretical contributions and relevance for managers in utilizing shared leadership are discussed.     

Leadership emergence in face-to-face and virtual teams: A multi-level model with agent-based simulations,quasi-experimental and experimental tests

With leadership as a major predictor of team performance in both face-to-face and virtual teams, research on differences in leadership emergence in these contexts seems warranted. We offer a multi-level model analyzing the roles of degree of team virtuality and density of social network ties as boundary conditions on leadership emergence, viewed as a fundamentally social–cognitive process. Using agent-based modeling and simulations, our results suggest that virtuality moderates the relationships between cognitive ability, extraversion, and self-efficacy (as independent variables) and leadership emergence (as dependent variable); and density of network ties serves as a moderator for the associations of cognitive ability and self-efficacy with leadership emergence. Subsequent quasi-experimental and experimental tests support the role of density of network ties as a moderator for the association of extraversion with leadership emergence. Implications of these findings and future paths for research bridging the fields of leadership, team virtuality and social networks are discussed.     

A Person-Environment Fit Model for Virtual Organizations

While the increasing sophistication of information technology has led to the spread of virtual organizations, there has been very little research on what factors contribute to individuals’ effectiveness in such organizations. This paper argues that organizations possess different degrees of virtuality based on four dimensions of temporal, spatial, cultural, and organizational dispersion. Using a person-environment fit framework, a theoretical model that identifies individual qualities required to fit into virtual organizations, virtual teams, and virtual jobs is developed, taking into account dimensions and degrees of virtuality. Mechanisms for enhancing fit in virtual organizations as well as theoretical and practical implications of the model are addressed.     

团队学习和学习型团队：概念、能力模型、测量及对团队绩效的影响

提出了团队学习和学习型团队的定义,建立了团队学习的9个行为和能力要素,开发了团队学习能力的定义和几种测量模型。采用513个样本数据进行了统计检验,表明所建立的团队学习能力的测量模型具有好的信度和效度,并发现了团队学习能力与团队绩效之间具有显著的正相关关系。     

Team creativity versus team learning: transcending conceptual boundaries to inspire future framework building

The purpose of this study was to compare team creativity and team learning – approached as interpersonal processes – conceptually and empirically and thereby inspire future framework building on team creativity. First, both concepts were compared based on present literature. In the next – empirical – step, a questionnaire consisting of a range of team creative and learning processes was developed and validated among 112 design teams, encompassing 540 employees. By means of a questionnaire validation protocol, this study assessed the empirical similarities and interrelation between team creative and learning processes. Several conceptual similarities in both frameworks were identified. The theoretically expected difference between team creativity and team learning (i.e. the aspect newness) was not supported by our empirical results. A five-factor model – consisting of team creative efficacy, facilitating team processes, basic team processes, error communication, and co-construction was validated. This study contributes to the present literature by showing that future theorising on team creative processes can certainly draw inspiration from the team learning literature in several ways.     

How leader humility helps teams to be humbler,psychologically stronger,and more effective: A moderated mediation model

We hypothesize that (a) the level of humility expressed by leaders predicts team performance through, serially, team humility and team PsyCap, and (b) the strength (i.e., consensus within the team) of the leader humility, team humility and team PsyCap moderates the paths of that hypothesized model. A sample comprising 82 teams (82 leaders; 332 team members) was collected. Team members reported leader humility, team humility and team PsyCap. Leaders reported team performance. To handle the risks of common method bias, each mediating path of the hypothesized model is based on data from two different subsamples within each team. Our model's most novel theoretical contribution is the (moderated mediated) connection between leader humility, collective humility, and team PsyCap, and this was consistently supported in our data. Our inconsistent findings dealing with the relationship between team PsyCap and performance is well established in the literature and our results in both sub-samples were in the theorized direction. The study contributes to understand why, how and when humble leaders are more effective.     

Effects of Organizational Environment,Internal Structure,and Team Climate on the Effectiveness of Local Emergency Planning Committees1

This study proposed and tested a model of factors influencing the effectiveness of Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). Data were collected from the chairs of Michigan LEPCs, who were asked to provide information about their LEPCs’staffing, activities, resources, and team climate, as well as information about community hazards and relationships with other organizations in their communities. The model was partially supported. As hypothesized, team climate substantially mediated the relationships between an LEPCs effectiveness and many of the attributes of its internal structure and external environment. In addition, three (emergency planning resources, community support and LEPC staffing and structure) out of four categories of variables hypothesized to influence team climate were, in fact directly related to it. There were two major inconsistencies with the model. First, two types of emergency planning resources were found to have a direct influence on LEPC effectiveness rather than an indirect effect mediated by team climate. In addition, hazard vulnerability was hypothesized to have a direct effect on team climate, but the data showed this relationship was mediated by community support and by LEPC staffing and structure. A revised model was proposed that suggests ways in which members can change the structure of an LEPC and strategies to enhance its effectiveness.     

Is training leaders in functional leadership a useful tool for improving the performance of leadership functions and team effectiveness?

Departing from the functional leadership model, we propose a team leadership training model as a way to improve the performance of leadership functions and foster team effectiveness. Based on a longitudinal quasi-experimental study involving ninety 6-person teams, 45 trained leaders were compared to 45 untrained leaders at two points in time: before the intervention group was subjected to training experience (time 1), and 6 months after the intervention group had completed their training (time 2). Results showed that, compared to the non-trained leaders, the trained leaders registered an improvement in their enactment of leadership functions. Moreover, these results also showed that training leaders led to an improvement in team effectiveness through the development of team leadership functions. The current findings offer new insights into the way that leaders can improve team effectiveness.     

Inclusive leadership and team innovation: The role of team voice and performance pressure

In today's complex and rapidly changing business environment, team innovation is increasingly critical to the survival and success of organizations. Although the relevant literature highlights the importance of leadership in team innovation, previous studies have mainly focused on transformational leadership and have yielded inconsistent results. To address this void, this study integrates the goal-setting theory into the input-process-output framework and proposes a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between inclusive leadership and team innovation. The results of hierarchical regression analysis from two survey-based field studies in China demonstrated that team voice mediated the relationship between inclusive leadership and team innovation and performance pressure moderated the direct relationship between inclusive leadership and team voice as well as the indirect relationship between inclusive leadership and team innovation via team voice such that the relationships were stronger when performance pressure was high.