INDEX TO VOLUME 5 (1987)

Real-time estimates of output gaps and inflation gaps differ from the values that are obtained using data available long after the event. Part of the problem is that the data on which the real-time estimates are based is subsequently revised. We show that vector-autoregressive models of data vintages provide forecasts of post-revision values of future observations and of already-released observations capable of improving estimates of output and inflation gaps in real time. Our findings indicate that annual revisions to output and inflation data are in part predictable based on their past vintages. This article has online supplementary materials.     

The Changing Transmission of Uncertainty Shocks in the U.S.

This article investigates if the impact of uncertainty shocks on the U.S. economy has changed over time. To this end, we develop an extended factor augmented vector autoregression (VAR) model that simultaneously allows the estimation of a measure of uncertainty and its time-varying impact on a range of variables. We find that the impact of uncertainty shocks on real activity and financial variables has declined systematically over time. In contrast, the response of inflation and the short-term interest rate to this shock has remained fairly stable. Simulations from a nonlinear dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model suggest that these empirical results are consistent with an increase in the monetary authorities’ antiinflation stance and a “flattening” of the Phillips curve. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Assessing Macro Uncertainty in Real-Time When Data Are Subject To Revision

Model-based estimates of future uncertainty are generally based on the in-sample fit of the model, as when Box–Jenkins prediction intervals are calculated. However, this approach will generate biased uncertainty estimates in real time when there are data revisions. A simple remedy is suggested, and used to generate more accurate prediction intervals for 25 macroeconomic variables, in line with the theory. A simulation study based on an empirically estimated model of data revisions for U.S. output growth is used to investigate small-sample properties.     

中国财政政策通货膨胀效应的实证研究

 全球金融危机使各国财政赤字激增,通胀问题日益严重,通胀治理成为各国关注的焦点。与货币数量理论相比,新近发展的价格水平决定的财政理论（FTPL）对于解释通货膨胀的成因和提出通胀治理建议更有优势。本文基于FTPL视角,选取我国1982—2011年度数据,应用状态空间模型识别政策在价格决定中的作用区制,结果表明1982—1996为M区制,1997—2011为F区制;再选取1997—2011季度数据,应用SVAR法结合货币政策研究F区制下财政政策对通货膨胀的短期和长期动态效应,实证研究表明财政政策比货币政策对通胀的影响更大,而且财政政策对通货膨胀有长期效应,结合中国经济的实际情况,我们认为货币政策不是导致近年来通胀的主要成因,抑制通胀要依靠财政政策,应实行相机选择的财政政策来实现物价稳定和经济可持续发展的宏观调控目标。     

中国通货膨胀、通货膨胀波动与产出增长：基于MGARCH模型分析

通货膨胀、通货膨胀波动和产出增长及其波动之间存在复杂的影响关系。基于一种多元自回归条件异方差模型（MGARCH模型）,采用中国1993—2003年的月度通货膨胀率和产出增长数据检验通货膨胀、通货膨胀波动和产出增长及其波动的关系。结论表明：高通货膨胀水平引起高的通货膨胀波动,而高通货膨胀率和通货膨胀波动导致低的产出增长和产出增长波动,结论的政策含义是价格稳定的货币政策有利于经济健康发展。     

中国通货膨胀率的非线性动态行为研究——来自MS—ARFIMA模型的新证据

使用允许长记忆参数d服从区制转换的MS—ARFIMA模型对中国月度通货膨胀路径的动态行为进行新的实证研究,结果显示：中国通货膨胀不仅均值水平和不确定性存在着“低通胀”区制和“高通胀”区制,而且更为重要的是,通货膨胀序列的平稳性也表现出显著的区制转换动态。“低通胀”区制下,长记忆参数d1=0．361,说明通货膨胀是协方差平稳序列,“高通胀”区制下,长记忆参数d2=1．145,说明通货膨胀是非平稳序列。这一新的研究结论意味着中国通货膨胀冲击的持久性效应也存在相应的区制转移变化。这要求央行在管控通货膨胀过程中,既要考虑均值和不确定性的区制变化,又要兼顾平稳性和持久性的区制变化。     

扩张型货币政策能刺激就业吗？ ——刚性工资模型下的劳动力市场动态分析

 积极的经济政策在促进经济增长、保证就业中的作用是当前宏观经济政策讨论的重点,本文即讨论货币政策冲击对就业等宏观经济变量的动态效应。首先,基于宏观季度数据,运用结构向量自回归方法,得到就业、产出和通胀在货币供给冲击下的动态反应,给出经验事实：在一单位货币供给冲击下,就业呈驼峰形态,缓慢下降回归稳态,显示出很强的持续性,但在中远期失业会增加;通货膨胀呈驼峰形态,显示很强的惯性特征,但在中远期会出现通货紧缩;产出温和增长,呈驼峰形态,显示出很强的持续性。同时,为进一步从经济理论上解析货币供给冲击对就业、产出和通胀传导的机制,数值模拟一个刚性工资模型,将模拟的脉冲反应结果与实证经验事实相比较,发现理论模型能较好地拟合上述三个经验事实,并从理论上进行货币供给冲击的经济传导机制分析。最后,结合经验事实与模型经济探讨了扩张型货币政策冲击下就业、通胀和产出的反应模式,给出政策建议,即扩张型货币供给冲击短期内能够有效刺激就业,促进经济增长;但在远期形成失业和通货紧缩,因此需要其他配套政策,如财政政策、收入政策等相配合。     

The Time-Varying-Parameter Model for Modeling Changing Conditional Variance: The Case of the Lucas Hypothesis

The main econometric issue in testing the Lucas (1973) hypothesis in a time series context is estimation of the forecast-error variance conditional on past information. The conditional variance may vary through time as monetary policy evolves and agents are obliged to infer its present state. Under the assumption that a monetary policy regime is continuously changing, a time-varying-parameter model is proposed for the monetary-growth function. Based on Kalman-filtering estimation of recursive forecast errors and their conditional variances, the Lucas hypothesis is tested for the U.S. economy (1964:1–1985:4) using monetary growth as aggregate demand variable. The Lucas hypothesis is rejected in favor of Friedman's (1977) hypothesis—the conditional variance of monetary growth affects real output directly, not through the coefficients on the forecast-error term in the Lucas-type output equation.     

数据修订、实时估计与时变参数货币政策规则抉择

本文拓展构建了后顾、同期和前瞻三种类型的货币政策规则,并基于实时数据和最终数据实证分析数据修订和实时估计对货币政策参数的影响效应。研究结果发现,数据修订对泰勒规则的影响取决于不同模型,而且在三种模型设定中,盯住产出缺口和通胀目标的时变参数均在不同程度上受数据修订的影响。特别是,对于最终数据,采用同期性货币政策规则展开估计最为有效;而对于实时数据,则基于后顾性货币政策规则模型估计是最佳的。最后,本文在数据选择和模型匹配上提出相应的对策建议。     

货币政策适度性的测度研究——基于协整方程的视角

近年来关于货币超发的争论一直没有中断,但至今还没有一个公认的衡量标准。借助协整方程把总产出与价格水平、货币供应量以及信贷投放联系在一起统筹考虑,并由此得出潜在的货币供给规则,在此基础上对1978年以来中国货币政策的适度性进行评估,结果表明当前中国经济系统接近均衡水平,货币政策在总体上是适度的。要支持8%的经济增长速度,同时使通货膨胀率控制在3%左右,则M2增幅应达到14.6%,信贷增幅应达到12.8%。     

Predicting Early Data Revisions to U.S. GDP and the Effects of Releases on Equity Markets

The effects of data uncertainty on real-time decision-making can be reduced by predicting data revisions to U.S. GDP growth. We show that survey forecasts efficiently predict the revision implicit in the second estimate of GDP growth, but that forecasting models incorporating monthly economic indicators and daily equity returns provide superior forecasts of the data revision implied by the release of the third estimate. We use forecasting models to measure the impact of surprises in GDP announcements on equity markets, and to analyze the effects of anticipated future revisions on announcement-day returns. We show that the publication of better than expected third-release GDP figures provides a boost to equity markets, and if future upward revisions are expected, the effects are enhanced during recessions.     

Modeling the ECU Against the U.S. Dollar: A Structural Monetary Interpretation

The proposal that a reformed international monetary system be designed around currency blocs has gained some popularity of late. In Europe, the formation of the Euro formalizes the existence of a DM-based currency block. Little academic research has been conducted, however, on the properties of composite currencies such as the Euro. In this article, we examine the properties of the precursor to the Euro—namely, the ECU—against the U.S. dollar using a monetary framework. The article has several novel features: Our modeling strategy involves starting with underlying equilibrium conditions rather than a final reduced form; uses divisia money rather than the more conventional simple-sum money; interprets, in an economic sense, the long-run relationships; and produces an appealing forecasting performance.     

通货膨胀对货币流通速度的效应分析

检验1953-2007年通货膨胀与货币供应的因果关系以及通货膨胀对货币流通速度的效应，结果显示：通货膨胀和货币供应量之间的双向因果关系得不到实证上的支持，通货膨胀是货币供应量变动的原因而且较为显著；整体上通货膨胀对货币流通速度的绝对加速效应要弱于相对加速效应。然而近年来的数据显示，通货膨胀对货币流通的绝对效应与相对效应变得明显，进一步证实了弗里德曼1963年的论断“通货膨胀总是货币现象”。     

我国通货膨胀运动阶段的非线性平滑转换

本文分别构建了两、三以及四机制C-STAR模型来研究我国通货膨胀的非线性运动特征。实证结果表明：我国通胀率是平稳的非线性均值回归过程,依据三机制模型划分的通缩、通缩-通胀中间态以及通胀的三阶段能很好地刻画我国通货膨胀的运动特点;但是把我国通胀率划分为通缩、通胀适中、温和通胀和高通胀的四阶段能进一步提高模型的解释与拟合能力。我们详细阐述了通货膨胀在不同阶段的转换特点以及持久性与不确定性特征,发现通货膨胀的持久性与不确定性成反向非线性关系,与水平值的大小没有必然联系。在温和通胀阶段,其持久性最强,不确定性最小;在通胀适中阶段,其持久性最弱,不确定性最大。另外,温和通胀阶段也是最优通胀目标区间,为了保持经济的稳定增长,央行应把通胀率控制在该区间内。最后,本文给出了实证结果所蕴含的政策涵义。     

货币政策对股票市场的冲击

 本文采用理论引导结构向量自回归（SVAR）的方法分析我国货币政策对股票市场的冲击。我们首先构造了一个反映我国特定利率制度安排下的经济结构理论模型,表明货币政策的三个作用渠道：流动性效应、通货膨胀效应和实际产出效应。之后以其为指引,识别模型内、外生变量,限制变量当期冲击的作用特征,以实现对SVAR模型的整体识别和估计。然后利用脉冲响应分析详细讨论货币政策的作用特征。结果表明：①我国股市呈现出明显的“政策市”特征：货币增长率增长1%,将使沪市和深市股价分别上涨1%和0.7%;②货币政策的瞬时影响在第3个月时最大,第6个月之后基本消失;其累计影响具有持续性;③沪深两市的政策反应略有不同;④我国股市呈现明显的“资金推动”型特征：流动性效应对货币政策作用的解释力分别达到91%（沪市）和70%（深市）;通货膨胀效应有一定正向影响,产出效应体现出微弱的负向影响。本文的引申含义是：在我国,货币政策尚不应该对股市动做出反应。     

中国货币政策中介目标选择问题的实证研究

货币政策中介目标的选择问题,是货币政策研究中的重要问题之一,同时也是制定和实施货币政策的关键性步骤。对该目标选择是否正确,不仅关系到货币政策最终目标能否实现,而且对货币政策有效性程度的判断,都具有十分重要的意义。改革开放以来,该问题在我国已得到了广泛...     

外汇占款对我国货币政策调控影响的实证研究

 经济对外开放度的提高会使一国货币政策的有效性面临挑战,那么这种影响机制是通过何种方式发生的呢？又是如何传导的呢？本文以货币政策信贷观的银行贷款渠道为理论基础,定量解析了2005年人民币汇率形成机制改革以来外汇占款对其调控效果的影响。文章运用时间序列分析方法在国内首次构建了一个SVAR模型并通过约束识别了其中外汇占款的结构冲击,进而定量解析了外汇占款从货币到信贷这一传导环节对央行货币政策调控的影响程度,脉冲响应函数和方差分解均表明外汇占款的增加在长期内对基础货币、广义货币和金融机构贷款有扩张效应,且金融机构贷款余额对基础货币余额的弹性其中很大一部分是外汇占款引致的。这表明,由于存在三元悖论,开放条件下我国的货币政策的独立性受到较大影响,货币政策的实施效果受到因外部经济失衡所导致的外汇占款的影响,因此,货币政策的实施应当充分关注外汇占款的扩张性效应,并采取有效措施提高货币政策的有效性。     

Comment

Using postwar annual data through 1987 from 46 countries, we confirm our earlier finding that the maximum impact (χ) of monetary shocks on real output is negatively correlated across countries with the variance of such shocks (σ ) [the Lucas proposition (LP)]. This holds whether the time series specification for each country is the one we reported in Kormendi and Meguire (1984) (KM), one selected by a Bayesian pretest (BPT) suggested by Poirier's results, or a uniform specification that nests both. Using the LP to restrict the coefficients of monetary shocks in the real output equation significantly improves forecasts of real output growth over the period 1978–1987. Over the same period, predictions of money and real output growth made from the BPT specifications often do not outperform comparable predictions made from the KM specifications.     

中国金融风险周期监测与央行货币政策非对称性效果识别

本文采用时变参数因子增广向量自回归模型（TVP-FAVAR）,并基于动态模型平均法测度了金融子系统变量的时变权重,通过加权计算得到我国金融风险周期指数（FRI）。然后改进构建了分区制货币政策模型系统,并采用逻辑平滑转换向量自回归模型（LST-VAR）研究了高低区制下,价格型和数量型货币政策对金融风险的传导效应,在此基础上,设计并测度了我国货币政策的时滞效应。研究发现,我国金融风险具有明显的两区制特征,样本区间内FRI大多时期处于低风险区制,而高风险区制的时间段与国内外重大金融风险事件相吻合。两种紧缩的货币政策均有利于抑制金融风险及其波动,且在高风险区制的抑制效应更为显著。对于货币政策时滞效应,数量型货币政策对金融风险的抑制作用大于价格型货币政策,但2008、2012和2015年三个高金融风险期的时滞效应均较小。最后,根据研究结果提出相应政策建议。     

中国潜在产出估算模型的设计与应用——基于Kalman滤波的实证分析

在传统滤波法仅对实际GDP变量进行趋势和周期成分分解的基础上,从中国国情出发,考虑国际联系、货币政策、通货膨胀预期等影响因素,构建多参数动态系统模型进行Kalman滤波,估算中国1978-2009年潜在产出、产出缺口、潜在产出增长率及均衡增长率。在此基础上,讨论模型在中国经济周期阶段划分、长期增长趋势与可接受增长区间及拐点预测等方面的应用,为制定经济政策提供参考依据。