论恐怖主义犯罪的概念

恐怖主义犯罪是采取暴力、胁迫或其他手段 ,对公众产生恐惧和威吓 ,以达到其政治或其他社会目的的行为。恐怖活动组织是恐怖主义犯罪活动的主要载体和表现形式 ,它与犯罪集团、黑社会及黑社会性质的组织有严格的区别。     

当代国外恐怖主义理论研究述评

“9 1 1”之后 ,关于恐怖主义的理论研究得以拓展和深化。什么是恐怖主义 ?其性质和根源何在 ?国外右翼主流和左翼学者提出了对恐怖主义的概念、性质和根源的不同理论解说 ,并基于此阐述了对反恐的合法性根据和反恐方式的不同见解。国外左翼在支持反恐的同时 ,反对将一切武装斗争归入恐怖主义的范围 ,重视研究全球化中的不平等与当代伊斯兰恐怖主义之间的关系 ,要求从解决贫困入手走反恐的治本道路     

浅析犹太恐怖主义

犹太恐怖主义是一个长期被人们忽视和遗忘的课题。但是 ,在以色列国家的建立和发展过程中 ,它曾经起到非常重要的作用 ,对 2 0世纪后半期世界恐怖主义浪潮的形成和发展也有着深远的影响。本文试从历史和功能两个角度分析犹太恐怖主义活动得以产生的历史背景、发展过程 ,以及其所起到的重要作用 ,并努力从中立和客观的立场对其进行评述。     

浅析拐卖妇女儿童的犯罪活动

近些年来,拐卖妇女儿童的犯罪活动屡禁不止,日趋严重,已成为严重的社会治安问题。对此,人民群众和社会各界反映十分强烈,要求党和政府采取有力措施,给予坚决的打击与查禁。一、当前拐卖妇女儿童犯罪活动的特点 1、犯罪活动日趋猖獗,范围扩大,被拐卖的妇女儿童人数增多。拐卖妇女儿童的犯罪活动虽经多次打击查禁,但在一些地方发展、蔓延的势头仍很猛,其至愈演愈烈。过去,此类犯罪活动多发生在偏僻、边远的贫困落后地区,现在已逐渐向城镇和经济较发达的地区扩展。1985年以前,云南省     

国际社会毒品犯罪的状况与特点

国际社会毒品犯罪持续增长,贩毒集团凭借犯罪活动获取了雄厚资金和精良武器装备,肆无忌惮地从事种植、制造、贩运毒品的犯罪活动,严重危害着人们的身体健康和国际社会的安全,已成为当今国际社会的严重公害。联合国前秘书长佩雷斯·德奎利亚尔在1990年4月9日召开的“世界部长级反毒品大会”上指出:“毒品问题已成为一个全球性的问题”,几乎所有的国家和地区多多少少都遭受了毒品的危害。因此,对国际     

恐怖主义定义问题析论

学术界关于恐怖主义的定义等基本问题的研究至今还存在着分歧。恐怖主义因其多样性和不确定性的复杂特点,以及界定时的主观性和相对性,在学术上只能得到某些在有限意义上的、并且是有争议的个案,至少在目前还不可能进一步地无限确立一个更确切的、具备普遍意义和永恒意义的定义。     

中国经济与政治的崛起——对全球恐怖主义和中美合作的影响

作为现代国际体系中的后起之秀,中国已经意识到崛起之后所面临的恐怖主义威胁。自20世纪90年代初以来,中国多次遭受了源于新疆或者与之相关的暴力袭击。中国政府在中东、非洲、南亚和中亚广泛寻求能源,使得中国面临的恐怖威胁在未来可能还会增加。在美国遭受。"9.11"恐怖袭击之后,特别是在2008年奥运会的安保工作中,中美开展了共同反对恐怖主义的合作。华盛顿和北京都发现,在反对国际恐怖主义的问题上,双方有很多共同利益。然而,为确保两国能开展长期合作,双方都必须掌控在恐怖主义问题上意见相左的局面,并克服区域政治竞争带来的巨大挑战。     

致命的交叉点:石油、恐怖主义和美国国家安全

自“9 1 1”以来 ,人们越来越痛苦地感到 ,恐怖主义、石油和美国国家安全之间存在着紧密的关系。这不是说恐怖主义、石油和美国安全总是联系在一起的 ,然而 ,恐怖主义势力范围和石油问题在世界很多地方明显地重叠在一起 ,为冲突营造着适宜的气候 ,而美国国家安全已经与这些地区息息相关。对美国安全的很多挑战根植于这些问题重叠的区域 :拉登的基地组织和其他国际恐怖网络 ;萨达姆和伊拉克 ;伊朗的激进伊斯兰政权 ;沙特阿拉伯的极端伊斯兰派别 ;里海盆地新独立国家中的内部不安全因素 ;印度尼西亚的分裂主义者和宗教冲突 ;哥伦比亚的游击战…     

浅析冷战后恐怖主义对国际安全的影响

冷战结束以来 ,恐怖主义的发展、变化对国际安全造成了更为深远的影响。在理论层面 ,恐怖主义的特点在新安全观的内涵、外延及主体等方面中表现明显 ,对传统的安全观形成挑战。在事实层面 ,冷战后的恐怖主义对国际政治、经济和军事安全构成重大的威胁 ,越来越为各国关注。     

伊斯兰原教旨主义、宗教极端主义与国际恐怖主义辨析

伊斯兰原教旨主义以政治激进主义与文化保守主义相结合为本质特征 ,是与现代改良主义和世俗民族主义相对立的一种宗教社会思潮。主流的原教旨主义派别主张开展合法斗争 ,希望参与国家的政治进程 ;而极端的原教旨主义 ,就伊斯兰而言 ,也就是宗教极端主义的一种形态。它与恐怖主义关系密切 ,从宗教角度称为极端主义 ,从政治、法律角度称为恐怖主义。伊斯兰原教旨主义与宗教极端主义、国际恐怖主义之间既有区别又有联系 ,认真加以研究和辨析 ,对深入开展反对恐怖主义的斗争具有重要的现实意义     

Sources of Support for Mandatory Military Service in the Context of the War on Terrorism: Survey Evidence Pre‐ and Post‐September 11, 2001*

Objectives. The advent of the War on Terrorism raises the question of the short‐term impacts on public opinion of terrorist attacks with respect to the idea of universal military service in the United States. Previous studies indicate that international crises tend to produce a polarizing effect on public opinion with respect to military service. Methods. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used here to analyze an archival data set featuring survey data collected among 18,000+ citizens in 18 major U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000, 2001, and 2002. Results and Conclusions. This article offers further support for previous analyses into the principal sources of support for military service. However, the analysis also indicates that the initial impact of the War on Terrorism may have been to produce a decline in support for mandatory military service and a mild unifying effect on the distribution of attitudes rather than the expected polarization. Attitudes toward military service were more polarized in 2000 and 2001 than in the post‐9/11 2002 studies.     

The Definition of Terrorism

This article addresses the definition of terrorism. It is intended to provide a foundation from which to understand the recent attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Although terrorism appears to be much less dangerous than other forms of violence, it seems to command more attention. In order to respond to terrorism, a clear definition is necessary. Terrorism is defined by Title 22 of the U.S. Code as politically motivated violence perpetrated in a clandestine manner against noncombatants. Experts on terrorism also include another aspect in the definition: the act is committed in order to create a fearful state of mind in an audience different from the victims. Whether or not an act is considered terrorism also depends on whether a legal, moral, or behavioral perspective is used to interpret the act. If a legal or moral perspective is used, the values of the interpreter are the focus rather than the act itself. A behavioral perspective appears to be best suited for interpreting and reacting to terrorism.     

Sacrificing Civil Liberties to Reduce Terrorism Risks

Our survey results demonstrate that targeted screening of airline passengers raises conflicting concerns of efficiency and equity. Support for profiling increases if there is a substantial reduction in avoided delays to other passengers. The time cost and benefit components of targeting affect support for targeted screening in an efficiency-oriented manner. Nonwhite respondents are more reluctant than whites to support targeting or to be targeted. Terrorism risk assessments are highly diffuse, reflecting considerable risk ambiguity. People fear highly severe worst case terrorism outcomes, but their best estimates of the risk are more closely related to their lower bound estimates than their upper bound estimates. Anomalies evident in other risk perception contexts, such as hindsight biases and embeddedness effects, are particularly evident for terrorism risk beliefs.     

阿富汗毒品经济：历史、作用与成因

阿富汗毒品经济主要来源于以鸦片生产和贸易为主的非法经济活动。阿富汗的毒品资金主要通过鸦片种植和毒品加工保护费、毒品国际走私通道保护费、毒品销售资金这三种方式流向塔利班以及基地组织手中,成为恐怖组织源源不断的经济来源。阿富汗农民长期贫困与毒品经济巨大利润形成的反差、喀布尔政府权力虚弱与管治无力、塔利班分子苦心经营以及美国阿富汗政策的连续失误,使得阿富汗毒品经济在短时间内难以铲除,成为国际反恐战争的最大障碍。     

Responses to poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: some reflections

I discuss in this article the challenge of addressing people's psychosocial needs when the causes of problems are environmental or structural. I argue that poverty can be addressed only by tackling its structural causes and removing social inequalities. In so doing, I argue that a range of antipoverty measures introduced by the government have proved ineffective, including neoliberal measures to foster economic growth, such as GEAR and ASGISA, public works programmes, social security, and poverty alleviation projects (PAPS) which, while mildly effective, were poorly administered. My strategy of choice is an 'all hands to the pumps' approach involving participatory community development, social action, policy change and joint partnership between civil society, the state and the private sector. I do not suggest particular approaches or solutions but highlight the role of social workers and community development workers in poverty alleviation.     

Explaining the Identifiable Victim Effect

It is widely believed that people are willing to expend greater resources to save the lives of identified victims than to save equal numbers of unidentified or statistical victims. There are many possible causes of this disparity which have not been enumerated previously or tested empirically. We discuss four possible causes of the identifiable victim effect and present the results of two studies which indicate that the most important cause of the disparity in treatment of identifiable and statistical lives is that, for identifiable victims, a high proportion of those at risk can be saved.     

Positioning Theory and Intellectual Interventions

This article sets out the basic principles of a new theory of intellectual interventions centred round the notion of positioning. Intellectual interventions are seen as ways in which intellectuals locate themselves in the socio‐political and intellectual field, thereby also positioning others. The existing contributions to the study of intellectuals often take the self‐concepts or dispositions of intellectuals to be fixed, and they tend to focus on the causes and motivations behind intellectual interventions. Challenging this perspective, the theory proposed substitutes a vocabulary of effects for the existing vocabulary of intentions and causes: rather than speculating on the sociological determinants or purposes that underlie an intellectual intervention, this theory explores its effects for the symbolic and institutional recognition of the author(s) and for the diffusion of the ideas propagated.     

个人减少温室气体排放的伦理责任探究

仅仅重视国家应对气候变化的责任而忽视个人的伦理责任,是全球温室气体减排失败的原因之一。由于每个人都在增加全球性问题,而且每个人都有不伤害他人的义务,所以每个人都有义务不超过其公平安全排放份额。无论身处发达国家还是发展中国家,所有高排放的个体都有责任和义务将自己的温室气体排放量减少到其公平安全排放份额之内。     

结社组织的角色与功能:公民与国家的中介

在国家本位的观点下,国家对于个别公民或团体的特殊需要反应迟钝或力不从心会造就公民的消极与被动;这拉开了政治权力与人民之间的距离。在个人与国家之间缺少其他社会组织关系的同时,也会造成个人与个人之间的疏远。作为一个中介性的机制,结社组织提供了个人参与公共事务、参与国家决策的渠道。人们既可以在结社团体中找到情感上的认同,也通过这些团体传达、争取其个人的权益;而且个人在结社活动的过程中,通过参与和学习,能够培养其作为公民的公共精神。通过结社组织,个人发挥了他的自主性,学习到民主生活的基本品德,而社会则同时获得了内在的凝聚力,不至于因为私人利益的竞争而分裂。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION The upbringing and education of migrant workers＇ children in the Pearl River Delta

随着过去20年来中国农村劳动力向城市的大规模转移,进城务工的农民工多数都把子女留在家乡,部分子女跟随父母到了城市。无论是“留守”还是“流动”,这些农民工子女的抚育和教育问题一直都是社会和学界关心的重要问题之一。本文试图通过对2006年“珠三角”3000多名农民工的调查资料中反映的有关农民工子女的抚育和教育方式的分析,理解农民工子女“留守”家乡和“流动”到城市的影响因素,发现在控制了农民工个人和家庭因素之后,农民工来源地的区域差异仍然是影响他们的子女“留守”或“流动”的重要因素。“地区性壁垒”存在的原因和机制是一个值得进一步深入探讨的问题。