共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
André Casajus 《Theory and Decision》2011,71(3):365-372
We revisit the Nowak (Int J Game Theory 26:137–141, 1997) characterization of the Banzhaf value via 2-efficiency, the Dummy
player axiom, symmetry, and marginality. In particular, we provide a brief proof that also works within the classes of superadditive
games and of simple games. Within the intersection of these classes, one even can drop marginality. Further, we show that
marginality and symmetry can be replaced by van den Brink fairness/differential marginality. For this axiomatization, 2-efficiency
can be relaxed into superadditivity on the full domain of games. 相似文献
2.
Aymeric Lardon 《Theory and Decision》2012,72(3):387-411
In cooperative Cournot oligopoly games, it is known that the β-core is equal to the α-core, and both are non-empty if every individual profit function is continuous and concave (Zhao, Games Econ Behav 27:153–168,
1999b). Following Chander and Tulkens (Int J Game Theory 26:379–401, 1997), we assume that firms react to a deviating coalition by choosing individual best reply strategies. We deal with the problem
of the non-emptiness of the induced core, the γ-core, by two different approaches. The first establishes that the associated Cournot oligopoly Transferable Utility (TU)-games
are balanced if the inverse demand function is differentiable and every individual profit function is continuous and concave
on the set of strategy profiles, which is a step forward beyond Zhao’s core existence result for this class of games. The
second approach, restricted to the class of Cournot oligopoly TU-games with linear cost functions, provides a single-valued
allocation rule in the γ-core called Nash Pro rata (NP)-value. This result generalizes Funaki and Yamato’s (Int J Game Theory 28:157–171, 1999) core existence result from no capacity constraint to asymmetric capacity constraints. Moreover, we provide an axiomatic
characterization of this solution by means of four properties: efficiency, null firm, monotonicity, and non-cooperative fairness. 相似文献
3.
Anna B. Khmelnitskaya 《Theory and Decision》2010,69(4):657-669
We introduce values for rooted-tree and sink-tree digraph games axiomatically and provide their explicit formula representation.
These values may be considered as natural extensions of the lower equivalent and upper equivalent solutions for line-graph
games studied in van den Brink et al. (Econ Theory 33:349–349, 2007). We study the distribution of Harsanyi dividends. We
show that the problem of sharing a river with a delta or with multiple sources among different agents located at different
levels along the riverbed can be embedded into the framework of a rooted-tree or sink-tree digraph game correspondingly. 相似文献
4.
Theory and Decision - Inspired by Scarf (J Econ Theory 3: 169–181, 1971), Zhao (Int J Game Theory 28: 25–34, 1999), Sandholm (Population games and... 相似文献
5.
On Loss Aversion in Bimatrix Games 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this article three different types of loss aversion equilibria in bimatrix games are studied. Loss aversion equilibria
are Nash equilibria of games where players are loss averse and where the reference points—points below which they consider
payoffs to be losses—are endogenous to the equilibrium calculation. The first type is the fixed point loss aversion equilibrium,
introduced in Shalev (2000; Int. J. Game Theory 29(2):269) under the name of ‘myopic loss aversion equilibrium.’ There, the
players’ reference points depend on the beliefs about their opponents’ strategies. The second type, the maximin loss aversion
equilibrium, differs from the fixed point loss aversion equilibrium in that the reference points are only based on the carriers of the strategies, not on the exact probabilities. In the third type, the safety level loss aversion equilibrium, the reference
points depend on the values of the own payoff matrices. Finally, a comparative statics analysis is carried out of all three
equilibrium concepts in 2 × 2 bimatrix games. It is established when a player benefits from his opponent falsely believing
that he is loss averse. 相似文献
6.
A previous work by Friedman et al. (Theory and Decision, 61:305–318, 2006) introduces the concept of a hierarchy of a simple
voting game and characterizes which hierarchies, induced by the desirability relation, are achievable in linear games. In
this paper, we consider the problem of determining all hierarchies, conserving the ordinal equivalence between the Shapley–Shubik
and the Penrose–Banzhaf–Coleman power indices, achievable in simple games. It is proved that only four hierarchies are non-achievable
in simple games. Moreover, it is also proved that all achievable hierarchies are already obtainable in the class of weakly
linear games. Our results prove that given an arbitrary complete pre-ordering defined on a finite set with more than five
elements, it is possible to construct a simple game such that the pre-ordering induced by the Shapley–Shubik and the Penrose–Banzhaf–Coleman
power indices coincides with the given pre-ordering. 相似文献
7.
Alexander Zimper 《Theory and Decision》2007,63(1):53-78
This paper examines the existence of strategic solutions to finite normal form games under the assumption that strategy choices
can be described as choices among lotteries where players have security- and potential level preferences over lotteries (e.g., Cohen, Theory and Decision, 33, 101–104, 1992, Gilboa, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 405–420,
1988, Jaffray, Theory and Decision, 24, 169–200, 1988). Since security- and potential level preferences require discontinuous
utility representations, standard existence results for Nash equilibria in mixed strategies (Nash, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48–49, 1950a, Non-Cooperative Games, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton
University Press, 1950b) or for equilibria in beliefs (Crawford, Journal of Economic Theory, 50, 127–154, 1990) do not apply. As a key insight this paper proves that non-existence
of equilibria in beliefs, and therefore non-existence of Nash equilibria in mixed strategies, is possible in finite games
with security- and potential level players. But, as this paper also shows, rationalizable strategies (Bernheim, Econometrica, 52, 1007–1028, 1984, Moulin, Mathematical Social Sciences, 7, 83–102, 1984, Pearce, Econometrica,
52, 1029–1050, 1984) exist for such games. Rationalizability rather than equilibrium in beliefs therefore appears to be a
more favorable solution concept for games with security- and potential level players.
相似文献
8.
Vitaly Pruzhansky 《Theory and Decision》2013,75(4):543-561
Since the seminal paper of Nash (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 36:48–49, 1950) game theoretic literature has focused mostly on equilibrium and not on maximin (minimax) strategies. In a recent paper of Pruzhansky (Int J Game Theory 40:351–365, 2011) it was shown that under fairy general conditions maximin strategies in completely mixed games can guarantee the same expected payoff as completely mixed Nash equilibrium strategies. Based on this finding, the current paper argues that maximin strategies have important properties. For instance, maximin strategies may refine Nash equilibria in subjective mixed strategies. Further, Bayesian rationality of the players may favor maximin strategies more often than Nash equilibrium strategies. The paper concludes with several suggestions for further experimental research that may shed more light on whether maximin behavior can explain reality better than Nash equilibrium. 相似文献
9.
What are the minimal requirements of rational choice? Arguments from the sequential-decision setting
Katie Siobhan Steele 《Theory and Decision》2010,68(4):463-487
There are at least two plausible generalisations of subjective expected utility (SEU) theory: cumulative prospect theory (which
relaxes the independence axiom) and Levi’s decision theory (which relaxes at least ordering). These theories call for a re-assessment
of the minimal requirements of rational choice. Here, I consider how an analysis of sequential decision making contributes
to this assessment. I criticise Hammond’s (Economica 44(176):337–350, 1977; Econ Philos 4:292–297, 1988a; Risk, decision and
rationality, 1988b; Theory Decis 25:25–78, 1988c) ‘consequentialist’ argument for the SEU preference axioms, but go on to
formulate a related diachronic-Dutch-book-style’ argument that better achieves Hammond’s aims. Some deny the importance of
Dutch-book sure losses, however, in which case, Seidenfeld’s (Econ Philos 4:267–290, 1988a) argument that distinguishes between
theories that relax independence and those that relax ordering is relevant. I unravel Seidenfeld’s argument in light of the
various criticisms of it and show that the crux of the argument is somewhat different and much more persuasive than what others
have taken it to be; the critical issue is the modelling of future choices between ‘indifferent’ decision-tree branches in
the sequential setting. Finally, I consider how Seidenfeld’s conclusions might nonetheless be resisted. 相似文献
10.
Xiao Luo 《Theory and Decision》2006,60(4):395-402
Within Luo’s (2001, J. Math. Econ. 36, 95–109) framework of a general system, I establish an equivalence theorem for the conservative
stable standard of behavior (CSSB for short) developed by J. Greenberg (“The Theory of Social Situation: An Alternative Game-Theoretic
Approach,” Cambridge University Press, 1990). It is shown that a standard of behavior for a situation is a CSSB if, and only
if, its graph is a φ-stable set for the associated general system. 相似文献
11.
We consider two-sided matching markets with couples. First, we extend a result by Klaus and Klijn (J Econ Theory 21: 75–106,
2005, Theorem 3.3) and show that for any weakly responsive couples market, there always exists a “double stable” matching,
i.e., a matching that is stable for the couples market and for any associated singles market. Second, we show that for weakly
responsive couples markets, the associated stable correspondence is (Maskin) monotonic and Nash implementable. In contrast,
the correspondence that assigns all double stable matchings is neither monotonic nor Nash implementable. 相似文献
12.
We study political influence in institutions where each member chooses a level of support for a collective goal. These individual
choices determine the degree to which the goal is reached. Influence is assessed by newly defined binary relations, each of
which ranks members on the basis of their relative performance at a corresponding level of participation. For institutions
with three options (e.g., voting games in which each voter may vote “yes”, “abstain”, or vote “no”), we obtain three influence
relations, and show that their strict components may be cyclic. This latter property describes a “paradox of power” which
contrasts with the transitivity of the unique influence relation of binary voting games. Weak conditions of anonymity suffice
for each of these relations to be transitive. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for each of these relations
to be complete. Further, we characterize institutions in which the rankings induced by these relations, and the Banzhaf–Coleman
and Shapley–Shubik power indices coincide. We argue that extending the influence relations to firms would be useful in efficiently
assigning workers to different units of production. Finally, we provide applications to various forms of political and economic
organizations. 相似文献
13.
Thomas W. L. Norman 《Theory and Decision》2010,69(2):167-182
Mixed-strategy equilibria are typically rather unstable in evolutionary game theory. “Monocyclic” games, such as Rock–Paper–Scissors,
have only mixed equilibria, some of which are “stable” in the sense that sequential best replies lead to them; yet, even these
games are prone to stable cycles under discrete-time simultaneous best replies, giving an unusual equilibrium-selection problem.
This article analyzes such games in a random-utility setting where changing strategies is costly, and the speed of the dynamic
is, thus, endogenous. The stochastically stable outcome is determined by the cost of switching strategies; when switching
costs are high, mixed equilibria are selected, whereas when switching costs are low, cycles are selected. 相似文献
14.
We conducted a set of experiments to compare the effect of ambiguity in single-person decisions and games. Our results suggest that ambiguity has a bigger impact in games than in ball and urn problems. We find that ambiguity has the opposite effect in games of strategic substitutes and complements. This confirms a theoretical prediction made by Eichberger and Kelsey (J Econ Theory 106:436–466, 2002). In addition, we note that subjects’ ambiguity attitudes appear to be context dependent: ambiguity loving in single-person decisions and ambiguity averse in games. This is consistent with the findings of Kelsey and le Roux (Theory Decis 79:667–688, 2015). 相似文献
15.
Hiroyuki Nakata 《Theory and Decision》2011,71(4):559-574
This article constructs a static model of information acquisition when the agent does not know exactly what pieces of information
he is missing. A representation of preferences over information channels and menus of lotteries is shown by adapting the model
of unforeseen contingencies by Dekel et al. (Econometrica 69:891–934, 2001; Econometrica 75:591–600, 2007), which is an extension
of Kreps (Econometrica 47:565–576, 1979; Economic analysis of markets and games: essays in honor of Frank Hahn, 1992). Also,
characterisation of informativeness of an information channel analogous to the one by Blackwell (Ann Math Stud 24:265–272,
1953) is examined in conjunction with the preference for flexibility by applying the structure of Shapley value. 相似文献
16.
McGarvey (Econometrica, 21(4), 608–610, 1953) has shown that any irreflexive and anti-symmetric relation can be obtained as
a relation induced by majority rule. We address the analogous issue for dominance relations of finite cooperative games with
non-transferable utility (coalitional NTU games). We find any irreflexive relation over a finite set can be obtained as the dominance relation of some finite coalitional NTU game. We also show that any such dominance relation
is induced by a non-cooperative game through β-effectivity. Dominance relations obtainable through α-effectivity, however, have to comply with a more restrictive condition, which we refer to as the edge-mapping property. 相似文献
17.
Theory and Decision - We introduce three natural collective variants of the well-known axiom of desirability (Maschler and Peleg in Pac J Math 18:289–328, 1966), which require that if the... 相似文献
18.
19.
An extensive literature overlapping economics, statistical decision theory and finance, contrasts expected utility [EU] with
the more recent framework of mean–variance (MV). A basic proposition is that MV follows from EU under the assumption of quadratic
utility. A less recognized proposition, first raised by Markowitz, is that MV is fully justified under EU, if and only if
utility is quadratic. The existing proof of this proposition relies on an assumption from EU, described here as “Buridan’s
axiom” after the French philosopher’s fable of the ass that starved out of indifference between two bales of hay. To satisfy
this axiom, MV must represent not only “pure” strategies, but also their probability mixtures, as points in the (σ, μ) plane. Markowitz and others have argued that probability mixtures are represented sufficiently by (σ, μ) only under quadratic utility, and hence that MV, interpreted as a mathematical re-expression of EU, implies quadratic utility.
We prove a stronger form of this theorem, not involving or contradicting Buridan’s axiom, nor any more fundamental axiom of
utility theory. 相似文献
20.
Marie Pfiffelmann 《Theory and Decision》2011,71(3):325-341
Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) does not explain the St. Petersburg Paradox. We show that the solutions related to probability
weighting proposed to solve this paradox, (Blavatskyy, Management Science 51:677–678, 2005; Rieger and Wang, Economic Theory
28:665–679, 2006) have to cope with limitations. In that framework, CPT fails to accommodate both gambling and insurance behavior.
We suggest replacing the weighting functions generally proposed in the literature by another specification which respects
the following properties: (1) to solve the paradox, the slope at zero has to be finite. (2) to account for the fourfold pattern
of risk attitudes, the probability weighting has to be strong enough. 相似文献