长三角地区城市增长的影响因素

文章以国内外城市增长的相关理论和研究为基础,基于长三角地区地级及以上城市面板数据,利用城市经济增长、人口规模、劳动生产率三个指标来研究1990~2010年间城市增长,发现长三角地区城市发展呈现出明显的趋同趋势,并且人口迁移和城市经济集聚存在显著的双向因果关系,人口迁移通过增加当地市场潜力、规模经济和外部性等促进了城市经济集聚,而城市经济集聚进一步吸引了大量的人口迁移。为了促进长三角地区城市发展,建议充分发挥市场机制作用,减少制度性限制,促进要素的自由流动,充分发挥城市的经济集聚功能。     

长三角地区城市增长的影响因素

文章以国内外城市增长的相关理论和研究为基础,基于长三角地区地级及以上城市面板数据,利用城市经济增长、人口规模、劳动生产率三个指标来研究1990²010年间城市增长,发现长三角地区城市发展呈现出明显的趋同趋势,并且人口迁移和城市经济集聚存在显著的双向因果关系,人口迁移通过增加当地市场潜力、规模经济和外部性等促进了城市经济集聚,而城市经济集聚进一步吸引了大量的人口迁移。为了促进长三角地区城市发展,建议充分发挥市场机制作用,减少制度性限制,促进要素的自由流动,充分发挥城市的经济集聚功能。     

长春市人口迁移状况以及人口管理模式转变的思考

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国社会主义市场经济体制逐步建立和完善,市场机制在配置资源方面发挥的作用越来越大。长春市是东北老工业基地,尽管经济发展水平与东部地区有一定差距,但是作为特大城市的经济聚集能力和人口聚集能力仍然很强,人口迁移流动在市场机制的作用下呈加速增长趋势,经济因素是推动人口流动性增加的主要原因。     

我国大城市人口和产业增长的非中心化研究

一、国内外关于大城市空间增长的研究二战以前,从世界范围来看,城市化以人口集中为主要特征,大量的农村人口纷纷向城市集聚,形成了一些人口密集,结构单一.规模超过50万,100万,乃至逾千万的大城市和特大城市.战后,随着资本主义经济的迅猛发展,城市迅速向外膨胀,在西方发达国家出现了郊区城市化,人口和产业迅速向外扩散.特别是七、八十年代以来,西方发达国家人口的再分布出现逆向,人口和就业由中心城市向郊区、小城镇、甚至更远的农村地区转移,称之为逆城市化.无论是郊区化还是逆城市化,都有一个共同的特征,即城市外围区域的增长快于中心城区,所以统称为非中心化过程.     

经济增长、结构转变与人口城市化:基于甘肃的经验研究

经济增长伴随的产业结构和就业结构转变以及由此导致的经济要素空间聚集是人口城市化的根本动力,如果非常态的工业化路径致使这一传导机制受阻,经济增长和城市化就可能陷入低水平均衡状态.甘肃的经验数据证实了上述推断,从结构调整的视角审视甘肃的城市化战略,必须重视劳动密集型产业的发展并大力吸引东部产业转移,通过产业集群促进人口聚集.     

家庭规模、技术进步与农业经济增长——基于省际面板数据的分析

计划生育政策的长期实施推动了农村家庭规模的小型化趋势.在农村人口大量向城市转移的背景下,家庭规模的小型化诱致了劳动节约型的技术进步,农村劳动力供给结构与需求的偏差导致了资本对劳动的强制性替代.两类存在一定差异的替代行为共同推动了农业生产效率的快速提升,加快传统农业向现代农业的转型步伐,促进了农业经济增长.     

关中-天水经济区人口空间分异研究

人口空间分异可充分反映区域资源禀赋差异和市场自由竞争结果.采用Moran's Ⅰ指数、空间分异指数、空间插值等方法,研究了关中城市群人口空间分异格局.研究发现关天经济区的中心城市及次核心城市劳动人口聚集,文化程度高且劳动报酬高,但少子化问题非常突出;农村等较不发达地区仍具有温和的子女数量和性别偏好,且农村地区的贫困老龄化特征非常明显.家庭成员在收入和公共服务差异等推拉力作用下,基于迁移成本和预期收益作出迁移决策,最终导致了经济区内能力依存的迁移行为和人口空间分异的加剧.研究认为应密切关注大城市超少子化现象和农村贫困老龄化现象,大城市政府应研究和预案人口快速集聚可能带来的潜在经济风险,向被动承担人口负外部性的农村和中小城镇以合理的转移支付.     

农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的地区差异

基于对中西部地区15个省市农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的问卷调查数据,以社会认同度为研究视角,构建多群组结构方程模型分析中西部地区人口就近城镇化意愿的地区差异及其影响因素.研究结果表明:个人特征差异性对中西部不同地区人口就近城镇化意愿影响显著;中西部不同地区农业转移人口的社会认同度与其就近城镇化意愿显著正相关,且西部地区农业转移人口受到的影响作用更明显.东部地区农业转移人口更注重职业升迁机会、职业技能水平、子女教育状况、工资待遇水平、工作环境、工作时长的满意度.西部地区农业转移人口则更关注其与市民的关系、城市社会关系网络、户籍状况、基本公共服务、城市物价水平及居住条件的改善程度.     

长三角新一线城市社会空间结构研究——以苏州市为例

长三角地区是中国最发达的地区之一,在全球化和市场化影响下城市空间结构发生巨变.以长三角新一线城市苏州为例,利用第六次人口普查数据,采用因子分析和聚类方法,对城市社会区类型进行划分.研究结果显示,影响苏州市社会区主因子有外来人口因子、知识分子因子、退休人员因子、城市住宅因子、农业人口因子、城市老城区贫困因子等六个因子.苏州城市社会区分成工薪阶层集中分布区、城郊农业人口聚集区、退休人口聚居的老城区、贫困人口聚集的城市中心区、外来人口集中分布区和高社会经济地位人口聚居区等六大社会区,社会空间整体上呈现"圈层+扇形"结构模式.     

近代上海周边地区的市镇人口--以宝山、嘉定为例

文章对民国前期宝山、嘉定的市镇经济与市镇人口的发展过程进行了探讨,结果显示,民国前期宝山的城乡人口结构已经向近代类型转变,而嘉定的市镇人口职业构成依然保持着传统的格局,两者的差异说明,近代上海城市的发展是一个巨大的经济能量聚集过程,在城市本身商业机能获得充足发展以前,其对周边农村人口的城镇化进程的影响是有限的。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.