区隔的童年:城市儿童与乡村流动儿童的课余世界

对北京市普通工薪阶层家庭与流动农民工家庭儿童的课余世界进行田野对比考察发现:城市父母注重以家庭、 学校及培训机构三者相结合的文化逻辑方式对儿童进行"协作培养",而农民工家庭由于缺乏竞争性文化资本,只能以"散养"的方式任由子女"自然成长";乡村流动儿童受到了学校主流教育和"影子教育"的双重排斥,并在其获得的弱势教育和社会阶层固化之间构成了因果逻辑关系;"影子教育"维持和强化了城市儿童获取优质教育资源的现象,间接固化了中国城乡社会生活的断裂状态;文化资本与"影子教育"互为因果、 相辅相成,共同完成了不平等的社会再生产过程.     

运用社会工作方法预防困境儿童流浪

流动儿童和留守儿童是产生流浪未成年人的主要群体.根据各地数据统计显示,有相当大一部分的流浪儿童来自于流动人口家庭和留守家庭.本文所界定的困境儿童就是指这些生活在流动人口家庭和留守家庭,处于流浪边缘的儿童,也称之为流动儿童和留守儿童. 当前,桂林理工大学社会工作专业正尝试与桂林市救助管理站开展进一步合作,运用社会工作的手法,从社区、学校、家庭入手,对流动儿童和留守儿童展开源头预防工作.     

农民工子女受教育困境挑战教育公平

与农民工相伴而产生的一个社会问题是农民工子女义务教育阶段受教育困境问题.据国家统计资料显示,随父母进城的流动儿童有700-800万人,留守在家儿童2200多万人.留守在家的无人管,流动进城的上学难.调查显示,流动儿童的失学率高达9.3%,一直未上学的占6.85%,失学的占2.45%.农民工子女上学困境对我国义务教育法中"适龄儿童、少年依法享有平等接受义务教育的权利"的教育公平理念提出了严峻的挑战.其深层原因有:对农民工现象的长期性和重要性认识不足;城乡二元分割结构体制;法律制度不完善;农民工自身素质低维权意识差.解决的出路在于:让农民工子女进城上学;实行"义务教育补助卡"制度,改户籍入学为"居住地入学";将接收农民工子女入学纳入城市学校考核体系;政府给予农民工子女学校以倾斜政策.支持其尽快发展.     

农村留守儿童意外伤害风险防范机制研究 ——以K省为例

父母等主要监护人的迁移使留守儿童身心健康发展面临多维风险,其中意外伤害风险就是一项严重威胁到留守儿童人身安全的重大风险.课题组选择K省的9个县、市、区进行调查分析,发现农村留守儿童意外伤害种类主要为溺水、交通事故、坠跌伤害、烧伤烫伤和意外中毒.农村留守儿童意外伤害风险的产生主要受8个因素的影响:警示措施、安全教育、应急手段、社区监管、学校教育、家庭监管、国家保护和儿童自身认知.本文通过研究提出建立和完善农村留守儿童"1个体系、3项保障、5级模式"的意外伤害风险防范机制,即建立大数据科学干预体系,完善法律、资金、人才三项政策保障,建立家庭、学校、社区、社会、政府五级联动干预模式.     

中国家庭教养实践与阶层分化研究

教养实践是家庭资本在代际间传递的主要手段。家庭中的教养实践是儿童不断积累文化资本的过程,这个过程与家庭的阶层背景紧密相关。基于2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据,同时考虑祖代和父代的社会阶层,将家庭的阶层背景分为持续上层、新上层、新下层和持续下层。分析显示,不同阶层的家庭拥有不同的教养实践模式,教养实践模式在多代间可以传递,家庭的阶层背景与教养实践又影响着子女的学业成就。相比于祖代,向上流动的父代家庭在教养实践与子女学业成就上更接近持续上层,向下流动的家庭则颇为特殊:教养实践上更接近持续上层,而子女学业表现上则更接近持续下层。由此来看,中国阶层结构及其变化趋势有着更为复杂的面向。     

流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合研究——基于双向测度数据的多视角分析

利用2013年深圳流动儿童调查数据,从学校性质和生命历程视角分析了流动儿童在资本禀赋与社会融合上的差异性,检验了二者的相关性.结果发现:流动儿童的资本禀赋已出现群体分化,公办学校流动儿童在家庭物质资本和人力资本上占优,但民办学校流动儿童在家庭社会资本和学校社会资本上占优,小学段流动儿童的资本禀赋优于初中段.流动儿童的社会融合状况并不乐观,其城市文化融合水平低下,农村文化纽带坚韧;城市人和本地人身份认同度较低,农村人和外地人身份认同度较高,认同模糊问题突出;与流动儿童的社会距离较小,与本地儿童的社会距离更小.总的来说,流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合存在复杂的正向相关,拥有资本禀赋越多,社会融合状况越好.     

农民工子女教育的边缘化:一个资本分析的视角

越来越多的农民工由过去分散的"单身外出"流动方式逐渐转变为"举家迁徙"的流动方式.然而,城市教育资源对农民工子女的各种排斥,使农民工子女的基本受教育权利在很大程度上受到了剥夺.研究结果表明:农民工先天处于城市的边缘地位,绝大部分城市农民工家庭的经济资本、文化资本和社会资本基本上处于贫乏状态,导致其子女在教育机会、教育环境和教育过程中的人际关系等方面不同程度地遭遇了边缘化的危机.要走出农民工子女教育的"边缘化"困境,就必须做到:(1)从制度设计上实现由"边缘化"到"城市化"的根本性转换,从根本上改革户籍制度;(2)降低农民工子女教育成本;(3)提升农民工家庭的资本含量,缩小其与城市之间的鸿沟.     

NGO介入北京流动儿童社区生活

随着我国城市化发展速度加快和流动人口的增加,对于外来务工人员子女群体的关注逐渐增多,外来务工人员子女主要分为两类：一类不跟随外出打工的父母,称为＂留守儿童＂;另一类跟随着进城打工的父母,称为＂流动儿童＂。     

"关系"视域中农村留守儿童问题的社会工作生态介入

以"关系缺位"为特质的农村留守儿童问题是城乡二元结构约制和现代性蔓延的伴生物.借助"制度—关系—主体"分析框架,对当前农村留守儿童问题应对研究进行了综合性理论梳理,认为"关系为本"的治理实践是关系视角在社会工作中兴起的自然趋向.而"关系社会"的中国文化特质为社会工作的关系理论以及关系为本的实务方法应用于农村留守儿童问题提供了现实土壤.基于"关系社会"的本土语境,关系视角的核心理念,以及获取信任的"给面子"、"做人情"、"搭关系"概念,从生态学角度,以立体性方法介入留守儿童的总体生态性环境,即依托个案工作方法,促动留守家庭亲缘关系包容性发展;凭借小组工作策略,提高其集体融入意愿和社会交往能力;借助社区工作技巧,强化留守儿童非正式社区关系网络,进而使其在他助、互助与自助的生态关系建构中实现新发展.     

关于黑龙江省朝鲜族留守儿童现状的调查与思考

朝鲜族是黑龙江省的世居民族。随着改革开放和城市化进程的日益加快,朝鲜族的人口流动越来越频繁,随之大量出现留守家庭及留守儿童现象。通过黑龙江省牡丹江地区和哈尔滨地区16所朝鲜族中小学的实地调查表明,留守儿童现象已成为朝鲜族社会发展和文化变迁中不可回避的现实问题,而产生的原因主要为父母在外打工和传统家庭观念的改变等两个方面。因此,从学校层面要建立多渠道、多方位的留守儿童关爱教育体系,积极发挥学校教育的主导作用;从家庭层面要树立正确的家庭教育理念,注重父母和家庭成员的言传身教、严爱相济;从社会层面要积极整合各界力量和资源,为留守儿童提供更为人性化的关心和帮助。只有学校、家庭、社会三方面的密切合作,才能尽量减少留守儿童的数量,进一步推进朝鲜族基础教育的特色化办学途径,使学校教育真正成为承继民族传统文化的重要阵地。     

方言能力与流动儿童的学业表现——来自中国教育追踪调查的证据

本文以就读于八年级的流动儿童作为研究对象，考察了方言能力对其学业表现的影响及作用机制。通过对中国教育追踪调查2014—2015学年数据的分析，本研究发现，掌握流入地方言可以显著改善流动儿童的学业表现，但其影响主要体现在语文和英语两个科目上。同时，来自教师和同学的支持是方言能力影响流动儿童学业表现的作用机制。本研究从语言环境的角度揭示了流动儿童人力资本积累的逻辑，为相关部门完善与流动儿童相关的教育政策提供了经验证据。     

传统儿童照顾模式的失灵与流浪儿童问题的形成:基于对上海火车站地区流浪儿童的民族志调查

流浪儿童现象是一个普世性的问题。本研究通过对上海火车站地区49名流浪儿童的民族志调查发现,流浪儿童问题的生成主要是由社会转型过程的家庭功能失调、从农村到城市的人口流动和儿童对自主童年的追求等因素造成的。这些因素的存在,使得社会文化已确定的规范性儿童照顾模式与儿童的实际生活条件之间产生明显的断裂,进而迫使儿童外出流浪以寻找替代性的生存机会。     

农民工的母亲对子女重大决策的影响研究

随着城镇化进程的推进,大规模成年子女的加速外流可能会削弱相对弱势的母亲在子代重大决策中的代际影响。文章利用2013年深圳市农民工调查数据,分析了农民工的母亲在子女重大事务决策中代际影响的现状及影响因素。研究发现,在城镇化背景下农民工的母亲对子女的重大事务决策依旧具有重要的影响,但这种代际影响并非家庭实权的体现,而是出于对长者尊严的维护;资源论、代际关系、文化规范论对农民工的母亲的代际影响均具有一定的解释力,但存在程度差异,其中代际关系的解释力最强,其次是文化规范中的孝道观念,资源论的解释作用最为微弱。     

Mobile phone parenting in work-separated Chinese families with young children left behind: A qualitative inquiry into parenting dimensions and determinants

Although recent studies have documented how working-elsewhere parents remotely achieved parenting through mobile phones, namely, ‘mobile phone parenting’ (MPP), a comprehensive conceptualization of MPP dimensions remains underexplored. Very few researchers have focused on the case of millions of work-separated families with young left-behind children from rural China from the perspectives of parenting dimensions and parenting process (determinants of parenting). By a thematic analysis approach, this qualitative study analysed interview data from 21 rural-to-urban Chinese migrant parents to characterize and contextualize their MPP behaviours. Narratives were organized into the first theme, MPP dimensions, including parental support (responsivity and autonomy granting), psychological control and behavioural control (directive control, proactive control and harsh punitive control). The second theme reflected that parents' perceptions of their own and offspring's well-being, family media literacy and co-parenting could elucidate the process of these participants' MPP practices. There was evidence for the consistency with universal parenting dimensions, but also for some unique MPP behaviours in the context of migration and remote communications. The findings indicate the importance and ecological complexity of MPP that involves technologies, multiple participants and their interplay. The conceptual framework originating from this study may be used in future studies and guide quantitative assessments of MPP.     

Life Satisfaction of Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China: The Roles of Community Service Participation and Identity Integration

Abstract

China is home to approximately 245 million rural-to-urban migrant workers. The influx of migrants into urban areas has posed various challenges for local social service systems. Recently, increasing number of community services have been developed to meet the growing service demands from the migrant population. However, whether increase in community service use results in improved wellbeing among migrant workers remains critically unexplored. As such, this study examines the role of community service use in migrant workers’ life satisfaction and the potential mediating effect of identity integration in Shenzhen, China. Bootstrapped models were adopted to examine relationship among variables. Drawing from a sample of 1,087 rural-to-urban migrant workers, we found that community service use is positively correlated with both identity integration and migrant workers’ life satisfaction. Moreover, identity integration served as a partial mediator between community service use and life satisfaction. The mediating effect of identity integration was found to increase with age. This study highlights that diverse services should be implemented to address divergent needs of migrants in different age groups. Community service can also serve as a vehicle to foster integration among migrant workers in host communities, especially for older age groups. Future studies may further investigate the relationships between community social capital, community social support, quality of community-based organization and frequency of service use so as to optimize the life satisfaction of migrant workers.     

Well‐being of migrant and left‐behind children in China: Education,health, parenting,and personal values

Over the last several decades of urbanization and industrialization, China has encountered mass labor force migration from rural to urban areas. As a result, two‐child populations have dramatically increased in number: so‐called left‐behind children and migrant children. Using data from the 2006 and 2009 China Nutrition and Health Surveys, this study examined the effects of parental migration and residency status on the education, health, parenting, and personal values of children, with particular focus on left‐behind and migrant children. The findings suggest that parental migration and residency status play important roles in the educational and health outcomes, parental supervision, and personal values of children. Through analyzing the differences and possible reasons for disparate outcomes among child populations, this study aimed to improve public understanding of migrant and left‐behind children's well‐being in China, and explore implications for future studies and welfare policy making. Key Practitioner Message: ● Help to identify the impact of migration on individual, family, and the society domestically and internationally; ● Provide implications for welfare policy making, program design, and service delivery for migrant populations; ● Explore the approaches to addressing migration‐related issues in different countries with internal and transnational migrant populations.     

NGO参与流动儿童教育的功能和优势分析——以A社团流动儿童项目为例

随着人口不断涌入城市,一些流动人口聚集处出现了大规模的流动儿童。社会各界爱心人士为流动儿童的义务教育处境奔走呼号,进行着政策上的倡导。但是NGO已经在以行动参与到流动儿童的教育当中,无论是在理念还是在专业队伍方面NGO参与流动儿童教育都有着十分明显的优势。本文应用布朗芬布伦纳的社会生态理论和社会支持理论对NGO参与流动儿童教育的功能和优势进行系统的分析。     

社会工作的优势理论——预防留守儿童犯罪问题的新视角

随着改革开放和市场经济的发展,农村剩余劳动力的不断转移,农村留守儿童规模越来越大,农村留守儿童犯罪呈上升趋势。本文在总结农村留守儿童犯罪现状及原因的基础上,引入社会工作的优势理论这一新视角,并运用优势视角对农村留守儿童犯罪问题进行解析,希望通过挖掘和发挥农村留守儿童自身及其周围环境的资源和优势,预防和控制农村留守儿童犯罪,让这一特殊群体可以健康成长。     

Enhancing Social Support for Migrant Families: A Case Study of Community Services in a Shanghai Urban Village and Implications for Intervention

Recent years have witnessed the growing emphasis of the Chinese central government to develop community services as a method of building communities and strengthening social solidarity. With the increased involvement of multi‐generation households in China's internal rural‐to‐urban migration, however, little is known about what community services are available for migrant families. Nor do we know much about how such services can enhance social support for migrants, which is crucial for their psychological well‐being in managing the ongoing challenges that arise from migration and further integration into cities. This article presents a case study conducted in Shanghai where social services are emerging in a few urban villages. We begin with a brief background on China's rural‐to‐urban migration and the emergence of urban villages, followed by a discussion of community services and social support for Chinese migrant families. We then document existing services in an urban village to explore how they can influence migrant families' social support. Drawing on the perspective of service providers, we highlight the effects social work interventions can have on improving social support for migrant families. Finally, we propose an intervention framework based on multi‐dimensions of social support, emphasizing an integration of formal and informal social support through community services for migrant populations.