性别视角下社会工作介入农村困境留守妇女的策略

改革开放以来,“打工潮”导致大量农村男性劳动力向城市转移,出现了一系列留守妇女问题。从生产机制上,部分农村留守妇女面对照抚重责、疾病困扰和婚姻危机等多重并长期存在的困境。从再生产机制上,由于中国传统文化对男女的不同期待,使得男女在接受教育时存在差别,加之城乡二元体制和劳动力市场对女性的不平等,导致农村留守妇女的困境:在家庭内部资源的分配倾向于男性、婚姻功能的不健全和劳动力市场不平等的分工模式等方面。困境留守妇女的问题是实现乡村振兴需要重点解决的问题之一,而社会工作作为一种以问题为导向的社会治理工具,通过社会工作中心理社会治疗模式能够对当前社会结构和留守女性的传统文化观念进行介入,有效提高留守妇女的社会地位和家庭话语权,促进社会平衡。     

转轨期前苏联东欧劳动力市场中女性就业变迁分析

本文通过对比转轨前后女性劳动力参与率、就业率和失业率、女性就业结构与性别工资差距的变化,对转轨期前苏联东欧女性就业变迁进行分析,指出了转轨期这一地区妇女在劳动力市场竞争中处于弱势地位及两性不平等的显性化。     

针对女性家庭暴力的女权主义解读

针对女性家庭暴力普遍存在且一直缺乏有效规制这一现象,女权主义认为针对女性的家庭暴力是男女不平等的权力关系的产物,是对妇女人权的侵犯,是公私领域的二元划分以及对妇女利益的忽视导致法律在家庭领域的缺席。预防和制止家庭暴力必须重视妇女赋权和社会性别平等。     

共享发展：中国妇女社会保障百年发展回顾与前瞻

女性与男性共同参与社会劳动、推动社会发展,“妇女能顶半边天”,中国共产党为妇女平等参与社会生产和共享社会发展成果提供制度保障和政策支持。回顾百年来我国妇女社会保障的发展历程,经济快速发展、党和国家对妇女解放和平等发展的认同以及对妇女特殊权益的重视等是妇女社会保障快速发展的主要经验。新时代妇女社会保障发展依然面临诸多挑战,发展不平衡不充分、城镇职工社会保险与就业相关且缺乏性别视角等问题,使得在劳动力市场处于相对劣势的妇女所能享受的保障不够充分,削弱了社会保障的社会再分配作用,影响了妇女共享经济发展成果。因此,要采取推动经济高质量发展、增强社会保障再分配功能、缩小社会保障性别差距等举措,保障妇女生育和劳动权益,促进她们共享社会发展成果。     

区域市场一体化、劳动力流动与收入不平等——基于长江中游三省的实证分析

随着区域合作的深入,区域市场一体化成为未来的发展趋势,但区域市场一体化如何影响收入不平等仍不甚清晰。以长江中游三省为例,采用面板固定效应方法和面板分位数回归方法,实证检验了区域市场一体化、劳动力流动对收入不平等的影响。面板固定效应估计结果表明区域市场一体化、劳动力流动都有助于减小收入差距,并且区域市场一体化通过促进永久性的劳动力流入减小了收入差距;而暂时性的劳动力流入并没有明显改善收入不平等。面板分位数模型可以反映各条件分位点处变量间的关系,结果表明区域市场一体化、劳动力流动减小收入不平等的作用在收入不平等更加严重的地区表现更加明显。稳健性检验表明面板模型分析结果是可信的和稳健的,区域市场一体化通过促进永久性劳动力流入,减小了收入不平等。因此,通过深入推进区域市场一体化进程,消除行政和体制机制壁垒,改革户籍制度等制度性障碍,促进劳动力的永久性流动,将有助于减小收入不平等程度。另一方面,在不同地区应该采取差异化政策,通过积极参与市场一体化建设和消除阻碍劳动力流动的制度性障碍,改善收入不平等状况。     

女性就业边缘化问题的思考

近年来,我国女性在就业竞争中已明显处于劣势,出现了边缘化的趋势。它表现在性别职业及部分女性职业下沉,女性就业和再就业困难,男女两性收入和社会保障差距的扩大。造成此局势的主要原因是就业制度存在缺陷,男女雇佣成本和培训成本的差异,女性主体意识低下和就业动机的不足。在就业竞争日趋激烈的今天,要改变女性在劳动力市场中的劣势,就必须促进劳动力市场性别平等意识社会决策主流化,完善保护妇女劳动权益的法律体系和劳动力市场监督机制,有针对性地发展职业教育和职业技能培训,促进女性自我意识觉醒,不断提高自身素质。     

日本女性非正规就业现状及支持政策

随着日本劳动力市场出现雇佣形态多样化、雇佣流动化的趋势,非正规就业的规模不断扩大,成为女性就业的主要模式.为解决非正规就业女性工资收入低、福利待遇不完善等问题,日本不断进行制度创新和政策调整,通过政策引导企业从劳动条件、工资福利待遇、教育培训等人事制度层面,消除非正规就业面临的经济和社会问题.日本的经验说明,要消除就业领域的性别不平等,保护非正规就业女性的权利,需要政府和企业共同承担,多方努力构建非正规就业女性的社会保护网,为女性营造良好的就业环境.     

女性在劳动力市场中的社会排斥问题研究

本文主要分析:女性就业难、就业范围狭窄、劳动收入相对偏低和在就业结构中的地位等一系列女性就业问题都体现了女性在劳动力市场中所遭到的社会排斥,更是性别不平等在劳动力市场中的一种体现。并指出:要实现真正的男女平等,减少甚至避免这种社会排斥不仅需要女性自身素质的提高和维权意识的增强,更需要全社会的共同努力。     

基于社会性别视角的妇女劳动权益保护问题探析

从新中国成立开始,妇女逐渐走出了家庭,进入了社会,开始了扮演了社会生产劳动中的角色。随着此角色的重要性的慢慢体现,也出现了很多不和谐的画面,引人深思。首先,毋庸置疑的是男女平等是一项基本原则,法律也维护了这一原则,事实上,从女性开始进入劳动市场开始,数量上最先就实现了男女平等。然而,在除了数量以外的其他方面,比如薪资待遇、就业地位以及被劳动力市场的接受性方面来说,女性仍然大大落后于男性,而且这一差距在日益增大。造成现象的原因有很多,可能是女性生理和心理留下的传统道德或者社会观念的问题,也可能是其他尚未被重视到的问题,这些看似不明显的问题累计叠加导致了妇女在社会生产中的不利环境,使她们的权益受到了侵害。然而,各种问题归根结底都表现了同一问题,即是社会性别的不平等。另外本文将结合欧盟国家对于妇女劳动权益保护的经验,联系我国实际讨论此问题并提出可行的措施。     

男人“休产假”与性别平等

传统的性别角色和两性分工导致的不平等分担责任是妇女充分进入劳动力市场的一个障碍,也使男性承担了过重的经济负担和心理压力。男人“休产假”的法理基础在于男女平等分担家庭责任和建立男女两性平等伙伴关系。妇女争取权利平等需要男性的参与,国家应通过立法形式确保男子对其子女和家庭负责。男人“休产假”是促进性别平等和两性和谐发展的重要举措。     

Employment After Parenthood: Women of Migrant Origin and Natives Compared

Motherhood negatively affects female employment in majority populations across Europe. Although employment levels are particularly low among women of migrant origin, little is known about the motherhood–employment link in migrant populations. This paper investigates whether family formation differentially affects the labour market position of migrant women and their descendants compared to natives. Using longitudinal microdata from the Belgian social security registers, 12,167 women are followed from 12 months before until 48 months after the birth of their first child for the period 1999–2010. Levels of activity (versus inactivity), employment (versus unemployment) and full-time employment (versus part-time employment) are compared between natives and first- and second-generation women of Southern European, Eastern European, Turkish and Moroccan origin. We find that activity and employment levels decrease to a larger extent following the transition to parenthood among women of migrant origin than among natives. With respect to activity levels, differences between second-generation women and natives are largely explained by socio-demographic and pre-birth job characteristics, while differences between first-generation women and natives are not, suggesting that other factors such as tied migration patterns determine labour market attachment among first-generation mothers. With respect to employment levels, unemployment is increasing more among women of migrant origin of both generations than among natives, also when controlling for background characteristics, which signals differential access to stable job positions as well as to family policies. In sum, the results draw attention to the challenge that parenthood creates for mothers of migrant origin in terms of retaining and gaining employment, but also to the role of labour market entry and early career positions.     

Fertility Decline in Russia in the Early and Mid 1990s: The Role of Economic Uncertainty and Labour Market Crises

This paper analyses the fertility decline in Russia during theearly and mid 1990s from both a macro- and micro-perspective and presents astriking divergence between these two empirical viewpoints. While the formersuggests that the fertility decline after 1989 is associated with theeconomic hardship accompanying the transition to a market economy, themicro-evidence using the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey is to thecontrary. There is no negative association between labour market uncertaintyor a labour market crisis and fertility, and frequently there is even apositive association. That is, women or couples who are themselves affectedby labour market crises often had a higher probability of having anotherchild in the period 1994–1996 than women/couples who were less affected bysuch crises. The lack of a negative association, and the presence of apositive association in many instances, is surprising from the standpoint ofeconomic fertility theory. It is also contrary to many explanatory theoriesabout the recent fertility decline in Central and Eastern European countriesthat are built on a more or less direct connection between the labour marketor an economic crisis and low fertility.     

The labour supply of married and cohabiting women in the Netherlands, 1981–1989

The analysis of labour supply involves two issues: whether individuals participate in the labour market and, if they do, for how many hours. In this article we investigate the differences in labour supply of married women and cohabiting women in the Netherlands; we try to answer the question how these differences can be explained. From this study, it can be concluded that differences between both categories of women in participation and in weekly hours worked can predominantly be explained by differences in characteristics (e.g. age, net wage rate, and age of children), than by differences in behaviour. The empirical results indicate that cohabiting women are more economically independent than married women. However for married women we found evidence that there was increased economic independence during the eighties; i.e. their weekly hours work has become less affected by the income of their partners.     

社会主义市场经济与按劳分配、按劳动力价值分配

市场经济条件下,按劳分配以社会必要劳动时间为基础,借助于商品、货币形式通过市场来实现。市场经济不仅与按劳分配有兼容性,而且为按劳分配的完善和科学实现提供了条件;按劳动力价值分配是按照劳动力商品的价值来取得个人收入。社会主义市场经济下,劳动力商品的条件依然存在,劳动力通过市场进入生产过程。按劳动力价值分配是劳动力的商品所有权的实现,是社会主义分配关系中的辅助因素,现阶段公有制经济的分配方式是以按劳分配为主体,兼容按劳动力价值分配,既反映了社会主义初级阶段的收入分配特色,也体现了社会主义市场经济的要求。     

The choice of part-time work among Swedish one-child mothers

Swedish women have become more and more inclined to take up part-time work when they return to the labour market after the first birth. There has been a parallel development in the tendency to reduce working hours among one-child mothers who initially take full-time jobs when they return to market work. Consequently, full-time work has become more transitory among one-child mothers. Conversely, one-child mothers who work part-time tend to stick to this arrangement until it is time for the next child. The length of work experience prior to first birth is positively related to part-time work. Somehow, an ‘established’ position in the labour market seems to be a prerequisite for both getting and keeping a part-time job after childbirth. There is also a dimension which is captured either by education or by social background (two factors clearly related to each other). A high level of education or ‘upper middle class’ background is associated with a disinclination to work part-time. Fairly extended work interruptions (of a year or so) in connection with childbirth combined with part-time work seem to constitute a new strategy, which might be called the ‘combination strategy’. This way of organizing life after starting motherhood seems to have attracted the kind of women who previously tended toward the ‘homemaker strategy’ and the kind who in earlier times would have pursued a clearcut ‘career strategy’.     

位进河南省劳务输出产业发展的对策

为推动河南省农村剩余劳动力合理转移,文章提出了改革劳动就业制度,加快实施“异地转移”战略,拓宽农村劳动力跨区域流动渠道;按照劳动力市场统一的思路,将目前分离的人才交流市场和劳动力市场纳入统一管理轨道;完善和规范政府对劳动力市场的管理等一系列措施。     

试论罢工权的确认--一种解决劳资纠纷的宪政径路

罢工是市场经济条件下不可避免的劳资双方利益冲突的表现，罢工权是劳动为了实现一定的经济目的，根据国家的宪法和法律而暂时停止劳动的权利。其性质应是劳动享有的社会基本权利。在社会主义市场经济的背景之下，有必要在我国的宪法中确认罢工权，这是一种解决劳资纠纷的宪政径路。     

当代中国工会组织与人力资源管理

随着市场经济的深入发展,中国的劳动力市场发生了很大的变化,表现之一就是劳资矛盾已充分显露并将更加复杂,这就要求工会组织的角色更丰富、更完善。本文针对我国劳资关系以及工会组织发展的现状,提出了通过加强与人力资源管理部门的合作来发展和完善我国工会组织的思路与建议。     

劳动力市场城乡分隔及对其运行机制的影响

在实际的运行过程中，由于劳动力市场发展的滞后，出现了劳动力市场中严重的城乡分隔。通过对劳动力市场城乡分隔的表现及原因分析，结合中国劳动力流动制度的变迁，分析了劳动力市场的城乡分隔对劳动力市场运行机制的影响。