从《格萨尔》看藏民族的生态观

在经济全球化的当今世界,人们越来越重视保护自己所生存的生态环境,愈来愈觉得人与自然和谐相处、人与自然有序均衡发展的重要性。殊不知,在这个星球上,生活着这样一个特殊的民族——藏族,自古以来,他们与大自然和谐相处,以独特的方式保护着大自然,近而产生了独特的生态保护意识,深深地影响着世世代代的藏族人民,藏族史诗《格萨尔》正是反映了藏民族独特的生态观。     

论青藏高原生态环保立法与高原藏族生态文化观

青藏高原在全国乃至亚洲的生态安全中具有战略地位,但近几十年来该地区的生态环境在逐年恶化。因而,必须制定出符合实际的生态环保法,对这一地区的生态环境予以保护。由于青藏高原的主体民族是藏族,具有以人与自然和谐相处为总体精神的生态文化观,并以可持续发展和公众参与原则为集中体现。因而,在青藏高原生态环保立法中,应以人与自然和谐相处为主要立法指导思想,以可持续发展和公众参与为主要立法原则,对高原藏族生态文化进行充分吸收和借鉴。     

人与自然和谐相处是构建"和谐西部"的基础

从西部地区脆弱的生态环境状况来看,构建"和谐西部"的基础在于人与自然和谐相处.只有以科学发展观为指导才能真正实现西部地区人与自然和谐相处,从而为"构建社会主义和谐社会"的伟大战略实践打下坚实的基础.     

蒙古族聚居区反贫困攻略中的生态移民──以通辽市为例

蒙古族聚居区反贫困攻略中生态移民的实施具有重大意义。通过实施生态移民,可以加快通辽市恢复生态建设步伐,改善生态环境与增加农牧民收入并重,实现人与自然和谐相处,经济社会可持续发展。当前通辽生态移民攻略实施中面临众多问题。应积极探索生态移民攻略有效实施的对策,从根本上解决贫困问题。     

生态与生计——神农架下谷坪土家族民族乡动物与人争食考察

神农架自然保护区内居住着以传统生活方式生存的土家族人。国家生态环境保护政策的实施,一方面使当地的生态环境有了明显改观,另一方面也带来了新的问题——动物与人争食,当地土家族人的生活由此陷入了一定程度的困境。本文针对这一现象,从深生态学的基本理念出发,对神农架自然保护区的生态环境保护政策进行了反思,认为生态保护中也应该涵盖对人的基本生存权利的保护,避免极端生物中心主义,实现人与自然的和谐相处。     

青藏铁路沿线生态环保经济效益分析

青藏铁路作为全国乃至世界上首条高原生态环保铁路,通过其环保理念和环保实践及在全方位、多领域、各环节实施的环保措施,对青藏高原生态环境起到积极的保护作用,是人与自然生态、建设项目与高原环境和谐相处的典范,它将为我国今后经济建设项目的环境保护提供可以借鉴的成功经验,同时能发挥良好示范和典型引导作用,正如曾培炎副总理关于"青藏铁路建设中认真做好环境保护工作的经验,值得全面总结推广"的重要批示。可以预言,建成并投入使用的青藏铁路建设生态环保体系,必将在今后铁路运营中发挥良好的经济、生态和社会效益。     

立法保护苍山洱海的生态和谐

苍山、洱海是云南省的名山圣湖,为国家级风景名胜区与自然保护区,更是白族形成与发展的摇篮。但在相当长一段时间,由于无序开发和生态保护意识淡漠,给苍山、洱海的生态环境造成很大危害,这种情况如果延续下去,白族地区的可持续发展将难以为继。为了从根本上解决问题,大理白族自治州采用立法手段保护苍山洱海,为保障人与自然和谐相处,     

长生天 道自然——蒙古族传统生态意识对草原生态可持续发展的启示

环境问题已成为当今世界亟需解决的难题,尤其是全球变暖、草原沙漠化、沙尘暴等。为此各国都在探寻各种方法,纷纷采取措施,遏制环境进一步恶化。环境问题归根结底就是人的发展未能与自然环境达到和谐所产生的问题,解决环境问题就是解决人与自然和谐发展的问题。因此,蒙古族"人与自然和谐相处"的生态核心价值观对草原生态可持续发展无疑具有启示作用。     

试论《格萨尔王传》中古代藏族先民的自然保护意识

自古以来,藏族与大自然和谐相处,以独特的方式保护着大自然,进而产生了独特的自然保护意识和生态意识,深心地影响着世世代代的藏族人民。通过藏族英雄史诗《格萨尔王传》可窥探古代藏族先民对自己生活的环境——大自然的朦胧认识、崇拜到竭力保护这一过程,本文阐述了人类不是大自然的主宰者,人类与自然和谐相处,均衡互利,人与自然和谐发展才是永恒的主题与朴素观念。     

试论维吾尔族丧葬习俗中的生态伦理思想

维吾尔族丧葬习俗是维吾尔族人生礼仪习俗的重要组成部分。在维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵着丰富的生态伦理思想:爱惜自然、约束和节制一切破坏自然环境的行为、促使人与自然共生共荣、和谐共处等。维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵的生态伦理思想,不仅对保护所在地区生态环境、节约资源、保护耕地、保护生存者的空间具有积极的社会意义和现实意义,而且对我国当前进行的殡葬改革具有一定的借鉴作用。     

关于回族生态伦理的文化透视

围绕人与自然和谐共处的主题,回族形成了一系列独具民族特色的生态伦理思想,涉及人与自然、人与社会及人与人等多个层面。从宗教信仰、生产生活、民间故事等文化视角就回族的生态伦理问题进行探讨,对于该民族实现可持续发展具有现实意义。     

从古代蒙古法中蠡测游牧民族对生态的保护--兼谈统筹人与自然的和谐发展

古代蒙古社会有关生态保护的法律散见在"约孙"(习惯法)、<大札撒>(成吉思汗法典)、元朝典章制度和北元时期的蒙古法典之中,其保护的范围包括自然环境和人为环境.由于古代蒙古社会是以动物为中介,以人、自然为要素而构成的,法律特别重视对动物,尤其是家畜--马的重点保护.宗教因素曾经引起古代蒙古社会的生态规范的部分嬗变,但其生态保护法的精华部分仍被明清民族法制继承下来.     

文化生态区与非物质文化遗产保护研究

非物质文化遗产是不同人群共同体在特定的时间、空间里,处理人与人、人与社会、人与自然关系时的文化产物,有着自身特定的属性:主体性、整体性、活态性以及无形性等,在文化旅游盛行的情境中,如何保护与传承非物质文化遗产问题一直都是焦点问题。本文试图从文化生态区的理念出发,探寻非物质文化遗产保护与传承的道路,为非物质文化能够继续活态的、原真性的存续提供一种方法论视角。     

论当代生态科学理论视野中的藏族传统游牧文化

从物质层面看,在当代生态科学的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地解决了草畜平衡、草场保护、草原生态系统内的能量节约与持续循环等重大问题;从精神层面看,在当代生态科学的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地实现了生态化的生命观、自然观及与自然相处的和谐观;从制度层面看,在当代生态科学系统性、整体性及相互依赖性这一总的精神与原则的理论视野中,藏族传统游牧文化成功地完成了社会的秩序化与整合过程.     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

从民间文学看哈尼族的传统生态观

The Hani’s rich folk literature has preserved their traditional culture. Interpreting it from the perspective of ecological culture may lead us to the conclusion that the Hani’s traditional eco-logical understanding is that of a harmonious rela-tionship between man and nature. This ecological understanding is similar to that of other ethnic groups in Yunnan, such as the Bai, Dai, Wa, Yao, Naxi, Jingpo, Bulang, and other ethnic groups, which shows that this ecological under-standing is common across the Chinese nation. Meanwhile, this ecological understanding has an enlightening role for human beings to keep the eco-logical balance in the present day. This article tries to investigate the deep connection between the Hani’s folk literature and the natural ecology, and reveals the Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing. 1 . The Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing is revealed in their folk literature The Hani have no fairy tales in the strict sense, their literature is a kind of“universal litera-ture” enjoyed by both adults and children. Howev-er, the Hani’s folk literature also created a roman-tic world similar to that of fairy tales. This “fairy tale world” is just the world of nature reflected in the Hani’s literature. The typical characteristics of this world are harmony and happiness. In this har-monious and happy world, mountains are a para-dise for man and all other things on earth. In this paradise, man is only a part of nature, they are not the spirit or the core of the world. Man, animals and plants have their own places, and their own happiness. Meanwhile, they support each other, and have a common development. In a word, man and nature have a highly harmonious relationship. When environmental protection and ecological bal-ance become a common topic in today’s discourse, one can gain some insight by reading Hani fairy tales and legends. Therefore, digging out the eco-logical beauty from Hani folk literature still has a practical purpose. How then does Hani folk literature describe the relationship between man and nature? We find that the Hani folk literature is full of stories con-cerning how the animals and plants save mankind. Many works reflect this idea: if mankind had not been assisted by the animals and plants, it must have died out long ago, therefore, man should show his thanks to the animals by protecting them. Be-cause the animals and plants saved man’s life, and man knew to show his gratitude to them, the rela-tionship between man and nature is always good in the fairy tales, although they live in their own ways, they never disturb each other — they have a totally harmonious relationship. Moreover, man can even marry animals and have descendants with them. The harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants is a basic theme of the Hani folk literature, as well as a basic part of the Hani eco-logical understanding. The relationship between man, animals and plants reflects not only a friend-
ship, but a kind of family relation, because they can even become couples, although the couples can sometimes suddenly turn hostile — they may have disagreements or even come to blows. When this happens, the deities could help to solve the problem— this is another aspect which reflects a harmoni-ous relationship between man, animals and plants. In the Hani folk literature, the harmony be-tween man and nature is also reflected in the mutu-al assistance between man, animals and plants. In this kind of literature, man, animals and plants are always equal; they not only have a common goal and the same standards for good and evil, but also have a common language, with which man, animals and plants are able to negotiate with each other, help each other and reap their own rewards. 2 . The cultural sources of the Hani’s tradition-al ecological understanding Although literature is a creation of the writer, it reflects social life. The writers’ imaginings can-not be separated from the practicalities of place, and folk literature has its own particularity. Folk literature is created by several folk artists from gen-eration to generation. It might be a result from sev-eral people’s discussions during the creative process or when the work is passed down, hence, it is typically collective work and has typically mass characteristics. Although the individual plays a significant role in the creation of a work, the content of folk literature does not always reflect a single artist’s idea, but the idea of a group. There-fore, we say that the harmonious ecological under-standing reflected in the Hani literature actually re-flects an overall awareness of the Hani people. Why did the Hani form this kind of common awareness, then? We believe that it is decided by the Hani’s living environment and common cultural resources. Most Hani people live in the mountain-ous or semi-mountainous areas between Mt. Ailao and Mt. Mengle. The living environment partly in-fluences ideology. Because of the level of inacces-sability, and self -sufficient life style, communi-cation among the different Hani villages is rare,
however, what they see every day in their living ar-eas are mountains; therefore, their similar living environment leads them to have a similar under-standing of the mountains. The Hani are a “migrated ethnic group”. Their ancestors originally lived in the remote north. Due to natural and social causes, they moved south. Following the cultural development and improvement of natural conditions, their popu-lation gradually increased. After they stepped into the mountainous areas of Mt. Ailao, they had im-proved material conditions and peaceful life, and the population dramatically increased. Later, they settled down in the broad area of the Honghe and Lishejiang drainage basins. The Hani’s history of migration and development indicates that no matter how large a population they have, and how they are scattered, their culture has the same origin. Therefore, tracing the origin of the Hani culture is very important to understand why the Hani share a common awareness of the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Another point worth noting is that the Hani are called as an “Ethnic Group of Stories”. The Hani like telling stories, and making up stories, therefore, there are many popular stories among the Hani. This is because Hani have no writing, which makes the essence of the Hani culture lie in their oral stories. The ancestors’ stories, and their wisdom are all spread and handed down through these stories. The Hani stories actually play act as cultural carriers, burdened with the task of preser-ving culture, and playing an educational role. It is due to the influence of the ancestors’ traditional culture that the Hani have kept an awareness of maintaining a harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants. Then, which factors in the Hani’s cultural origin have promoted this awareness and made it exist for a long time? This article separately discusses the impact of the origin of the heavens, earth, man, animals, and plants, as well as the understanding of animism to this awareness.
In the Hani’s traditional religion, animism is a basic tenet. The Hani believe that the universe is created by the gods, and all things on earth are brought about by the gods. These deities infuse the things in the universe with a spirit; man cannot hurt other things, including those things without life;and the proper relationship between man and nature is harmony. A harmonious relationship means to obey the deities’ will, and is a special representation of their worship. Some people be-lieve that the formation of this kind of understand-ing is directly related to the ecological environment in which the Hani live. They live in the mountain-ous areas and conduct farming work from genera-tion to generation. The forest and water sources are their basic production materials. While using and transforming nature, they must protect and respect nature. Only in this way can an ethnic group un-dergo constant development in a difficult environ-ment—this already has become common knowledge during the process of inheriting the Chinese culture in the past thousand years. And to the Hani peo-ple, this is their principle, as well as their life philosophy. The Hani’s understanding of animism is a kind of pantheistic ideology, which belongs to religious aspect and does not fit with materialism. However the understanding of animism plays a very big role in the Hani’s formation of a self-consciousness in protecting the animals and plants, and keeping the ecological balance. Its role is not limited to an in-dividual or a local area, instead, its meaning to the whole Hani area cannot be underestimated. Hence, we take it as one of the sources for the for-mation of the harmonious natural understanding of all Hani people.     

蒙古族信仰习俗与生态观浅议

本文从蒙古族古老信仰和传统法律思想两个方面对蒙古族“天人合一”的朴素的生态观进行了分析。     

高原藏族文化的生态环境价值探析——以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺"避杀生"为例

独特的生存环境、宗教信仰、自然禁忌等造就了高原藏族灿烂而神秘的传统文化,他们在生活方式、行为方式、风俗习惯等方面,无不体现出人与自然环境的一种良性互动关系。本文以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺的"避杀生"为例,解析了神秘的藏族文化所包含的生态环境价值,同时探讨了藏族文化中的生态环境价值得以实践的法资源应包括国家法、佛教教规以及以道德和民间风俗习惯为主的乡规民约等因素。     

彝族传统习俗信仰力与彝区环保

人类与自然的关系问题,既是一个古老的课题,也是一个崭新的课题。就彝族而言,在与自然的关系中自古就有保护自然生态的习俗。这些习俗现从某些种角度看似乎是落后的＂迷信＂,但在特定的语境下却能发挥应有的作用。随着社会的发展,现在的环保固然要引进新的机制和科学的方法,使之形成一种综合的文化软实力,在彝区的生态环保中发挥积极的作用