刍议项目管理的最新进展

上个世纪80年代,项目管理仅被应用于建筑、国防、航空等领域,近年来,随着项目管理理论的不断完善,其应用领域已经被扩展到了计算机、电子通讯、金融业以及政府机关等重要领域。本文论述了项目管理知识体系的理论框架、分析了我国项目管理的现状和最新进展。     

名词解释 项目管理知识体系

正项目管理知识体系,(Project Management Body Of Knowledge,PMBOK)是由项目管理协会(Project Management Institution,PMI)提出的。项目管理协会(Project Management Institution,PMI)于1966年在美国宾州成立,是目前全球影响最大的项目管理专业机构,其组织的项目管理专家(Project Management Professional,PMP)认证被广泛认同。PMBOK总结了项目管理实践中成熟的理论、方法、工具和技术,也包括一些富有创造性的新知识。PMBOK把项目管理知识划分为九个知识领域(集成、范围、时间、成本、质量、人力资源、沟通、风险和     

新产品开发项目中沟通管理的作用和方法

沟通管理是项目管理的九大知识体系之一,在项目整体管理中有着极其重要的意义.本文通过分析新产品开发项目中沟通管理的作用及其对项目进度和质量的影响,提出强化新产品开发项目沟通管理的方式和方法.     

组织知识理论的发展与结构

本文通过对近年来组织知识理论的概括和分析,总结了这一理论的三个主要内容：知识资本理论、以知识为基础的企业理论和组织知识管理理论;给出了组织知识理论的逻辑起点和内在结构,进而从微观经济和管理层面总结了知识经济背景下有关企业管理理论的发展动态与研究成果,为知识经济环境下中国企业知识管理理论的建立提供理论准备     

基于CMM与OPM3的软件项目关键成功因素分析

本文在对软件项目管理和项目管理成熟度模型发展讨论的基础上,根据中国项目项目管理知识体系以及我国软件企业中软件项目管理和软件能力成熟度模型的发展中所出现的问题,总结和归纳了影响软件项目管理的31个关键影响因素,建立了软件项目管理三层次模型。通过对软件项目管理人员以调查问卷的形式收集数据资料,利用因子分析验证了软件项目管理三层次模型的正确性和可行性,以期通过软件项目管理提高我国软件企业CMM等级。     

项目管理概述

本文通过传统项目管理与近代项目管理比较,着重介绍了项目管理国际组织及其知识体系以及现代项目管理的发展状况。     

基于CMM与OPM3的软件项目关键成功因素分析

本文在对软件项目管理和项目管理成熟度模型发展讨论的基础上,根据中国项目项目管理知识体系以及我国软件企业中软件项目管理和软件能力成熟度模型的发展中所出现的问题,总结和归纳了影响软件项目管理的31个关键影响因素,建立了软件项目管理三层次模型.通过对软件项目管理人员以调查问卷的形式收集数据资料,利用因子分析验证了软件项目管理三层次模型的正确性和可行性,以期通过软件项目管理提高我国软件企业CMM等级.     

国内企业知识管理绩效评价研究状况分析

随着知识管理方法和知识管理系统项目在企业应用和实践的开展,知识管理绩效评价已成为知识管理理论研究和实践的重要方面,国内学者对此做了相关研究。本文基于已有的相关研究成果,对我国知识管理绩效评价的状况进行分析,对评价研究中存在的困难和评价中应该注意的问题进行积极思考,以深化对企业知识管理绩效评价的认识。     

当前我国海洋石油工程质量问题探究

海洋石油开发工程质量要求高,质量管理也要求严格。本文依照项目管理知识体系指南,运用全面质量管理的思想,分析了海洋石油开发工程设计、建造和海上安装调试等全过程的质量管理,提出了各阶段质量管理目标、质量控制和评定的依据及关键控制点。     

项目管理在县城电网建设与改造中的运用

项目管理技术已逐步形成一整套完整的理论与方法体系。本文从项目管理角度阐述了城网建设及改造,并分析了城网工程项目管理特点。同时,结合城网建设及改造实践提出了具体有效的方案措施,对其项目生命周期的各个阶段、管理组织以及进度管理等进行了建设性的探讨。     

知识管理与企业核心竞争力的培育

本文分析企业核心竞争力的知识属性,综合出核心知识竞争力和核心能动力是其构成维度,为利用知识管理培育企业核心竞争力提供了理论前提。并以复杂性科学理论为工具,根据企业核心竞争力培育过程中的知识流,指出了利用知识管理培育企业核心竞争力的具体措施,为知识经济形势下培育企业核心竞争力和建立它与知识管理的有机联系提供理论启示。     

ISO 31000:2009—Setting a New Standard for Risk Management

Last year saw the publication of IS0 31000:2009, a new globally accepted standard for risk management together with a new, associated vocabulary in ISO Guide 73:2009. These were developed through a consensus‐driven process over four years, through seven drafts, and involving the input of hundreds of risk management professionals around the world. The new standard supports a new, simple way of thinking about risk and risk management and is intended to begin the process of resolving the many inconsistencies and ambiguities that exist between many different approaches and definitions. While most decisionmakers seem to welcome the new standard and it has so far received very good reviews, it does create challenges for those who use language and approaches that are unique to their area of work but different from the new standard and guide. The need for compromise and change is the inevitable consequence of standardization     

基于知识生命周期的企业知识流模型

在知识经济时代,知识管理已被公认是提高企业竞争力的重要手段。本文通过对企业知识生命周期各阶段的各种知识运动形式进行分析,建立了贯穿企业知识生命周期全程的由10种知识流组成的企业知识流模型,提出了基于知识流的企业知识管理目标是采取适当措施促进增值知识流、抑制减值知识流,使企业从知识资源中获取最大价值的观点。然后利用该模型对一著名公司的知识管理案例进行了分析。     

企业中基层管理人员IT应用能力建模

通过对300多位IT应用企业的中基层管理人员的问卷调研,使用验证性因子分析方法,首次建立了中基层管理人员的IT应用能力模型。采用分层回归分析方法,以高层领导的支持为控制变量,分析中基层管理人员的IT应用能力与IT应用水平之间的关系,进一步检验了中基层管理人员IT应用能力模型的有效性。研究结果表明,在考虑高层领导的支持情况下,中基层管理人员的IT应用能力对部门IT应用水平具有显著影响。其中,知识的影响力最强,其次是潜质,再次是态度。这说明在企业IT应用实践中,需要特别注重对现职中基层管理人员进行IT应用知识方面的在职培训;同时,对中基层管理人员的招聘,需要关注其知识和潜质,由于潜质较难改变,在招聘中需要特别加以重视。     

INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF ISO 14000 CERTIFICATION

The ISO 9000 series of quality management systems standards and the more recent ISO 14000 environmental management systems standards have generated much controversy among practitioners. Although ISO 9000 has become a de facto requirement for many firms, its effects are poorly understood, and similarly the value and domain of applicability of ISO 14000 have been questioned. This paper reports on an exploratory study into the global spread of ISO 14000. We interviewed practitioners worldwide to identify factors that they believe explain differences between national ISO 14000 certification counts. We then collected quantititive data for these factors and, using regression analysis, we found that exports, environmental attitudes (combined with economic development), and ISO 9000 certification count were significant. The fact that ISO 9000 appears as an important factor explaining diffusion of ISO 14000 certifications suggests that the drivers behind the two have significant overlap. This indicates that, although ISO 14000 is an environmental standard, many of the factors driving national certification patterns are not at all environmental in nature, and that ISO 14000 therefore needs to be studied from a broader perspective than from a purely environmental point of view.     

ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: Towards a Research Agenda on Management System Standards*

Management system standards, also called meta‐standards, have been adopted by an increasing number of organizations across the world. Although these management system standards are based on the same type of management principles and institutional arrangements, the literature remains scattered, with diverse studies focused on specific standards and published in various journals. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the academic research on meta‐standards through an integrative review intended to shed light on the main conclusions and substantial advances made in this area. This integrative review focuses more specifically on the two main meta‐standards which have been adopted by more than 1.3 million organizations worldwide: ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. The paper contributes insights into the main streams of the literature and current knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research on the various issues related to meta‐standards: global governance, diffusion processes, motivations, benefits of adoption and impacts on performance, internalization, integration, consultancy and auditing.     

基于知识的组织结构模型

本文在分析企业组织结构发展历程的基础上,深入研究了知识与组织之间的内在联系,提出了一种基于知识并面向任务的三维立体组织结构,以智能化的模型分析方法为现代制造企业经营业务过程分析与企业重组提供先进的组织管理模式,对提高企业组织系统的核心竞争能力将发挥积极的促进作用。     

国际企业管理在世纪之交的新发展

世纪之交 ,我国正面临加入世贸组织 ,与国际经济接轨的新形势 ;国际上全球化进程正在加速 ,高新科技日新月异 ,网络的发展与普及 ,正在改变着我国企业的内外经营环境 ,冲击着多年来传统的经营理念、管理理论与管理方法 ,本文就企业战略、知识经济与知识工作者的出现 ,网络的兴起对企业管理的影响、对企业经营者的新要求 ,以及变幻莫测的市场中的不变之道等几个方面 ,阐述了当前国际企业管理的发展新趋势     

Implementing ISO 14001—An International Survey Assessing the Benefits of Certification

The costs and benefits of ISO 14001 certification result in firms choosing this route as a tool for proactive environmental management, according to a survey of 131 companies across the world. The following paper examines the motivation to pursue ISO 14001 certification for companies in developed and developing countries. While the costs of ISO 14001 certification vary widely, almost all respondents report substantial cost savings as a result of implementation. This was especially the case in developing countries, where enthusiasm about the standard (among certified firms) is very high. Contrary to the concerns voiced by skeptics, many firms stated that they decided to implement an ISO 14001 in order to “be a good neighbor” and to raise their employee's level of environmental awareness. Surprisingly, very few respondents stated that their primary motivations for implementation were profit-related. The majority of firms appear to be using ISO 14001 as a tool for proactive environmental management, as its creators intended.     

Deciding on ISO 14001: Economics, Institutions, and Context

ISO 14001 is an international standard for environmental management systems that was introduced in September 1996. It has gained wide recognition among businesses, much like its sister standard on quality management systems, ISO 9000. As a result, managers in almost every organization will evaluate whether the organization should become ISO 14001 certified. However, most analyses of ISO 14001 that are intended to guide managers in their evaluation have focused on the merits of ISO 14001, such as improved competitiveness, management control, and regulatory compliance. Very few articles provide a balanced picture of the costs and benefits of ISO 14001—including the conditions under which adoption will be most effective. This article redresses this gap by providing an analysis of not only why firms may choose to certify based on economic and institutional considerations, but also, when certification might be appropriate based on the firm’s context.In 1998, the Jutras division of Meridian Magnesium Inc., which manufactures magnesium automotive parts, reported that it saved almost $2 million soon after its $45,000 investment on an ISO 14001 certified environmental management system (EMS).¹ The company reduced its use of electricity, natural gas, and lubricants, while producing less solid waste and contaminated water. These were not just one-time savings; they were expected to continue into perpetuity. Not all their ISO 14001 projects were winners, however. Jutras implemented ten projects for their EMS in the first year with an initial goal of saving over $460,000 in costs. Four of the projects did not result in any savings and one had disappointing but positive results. The remaining projects, however, provided larger than expected returns. The cost savings increased the competitiveness of a firm that prides itself on being the low cost leader in an increasingly competitive automotive parts industry. The benefits to the environment were a bonus. And there was yet another bonus from ISO 14001 that had not been anticipated: the preference for ISO certified suppliers by its key customers, Ford and General Motors, and the social legitimacy earned from stakeholders pressuring for greener business practices. The company now posts its ISO 14001 certification on its web site as one of its main achievements.Although this type of vignette presents ISO 14001 in a positive light, not all firms have embraced the standard with enthusiasm. While over 22,000 facilities in 98 countries were ISO 14001 certified by December 31, 2000, many firms had decided to delay certification or reject it altogether.² The significant financial rewards realized by the Jutras Division of Meridian Magnesium have not been perceived by many of its peers, even though most analyses of ISO 14001 attempt to convince the reader that such a system is of significant strategic importance and a panacea of opportunity. Writers typically tout the potential for lower costs, increased competitiveness, market share growth, higher profits, and regulatory compliance, such as those experienced by Meridian Magnesium.³The costs of ISO 14001, however, are not trivial. Managers need to undertake a careful analysis of the relevance of ISO 14001 to their firm before they decide to jump on the ISO 14001 bandwagon. While managers can estimate the direct costs of certification with the help of good internal cost accounting, evaluating the intangible costs and benefits and the indirect impacts on the firm’s performance is more difficult. In this article, we provide background perspectives and evaluation criteria for those aspects of ISO 14001 certification, looking specifically at the marginal benefit of ISO 14001 certification over an in-house EMS. This article, then, identifies why firms may certify and in which contexts, based on economic and institutional considerations. Armed with relevant decision-making criteria, we present managers with an analytical tool to assist them in determining if ISO 14001 is appropriate for their firm.The insights provided here build on three studies:

1.

an investigation of the motivations of environmental responsiveness by interviewing members of 53 firms in the UK and Japan;⁴

2.

an investigation of the factors that influence the adoption of ISO 14001 based on a statistical analysis of 46 matched pairs of certified and non-certified firms and interviews with members of six firms in the US;⁵ and

3.

an investigation of the contexts that explain adoption based on interviews with 16 pulp and paper companies in Canada.⁶

Details of these studies are provided in text boxes later in this paper. While these studies form the foundation of this paper, many of the anecdotes provided here are based on published sources because the interviewees were promised complete confidentiality.