Ethnic Variation in Family Size in Urban China

Abstract

Using survey data (n = 1,715) collected in 2001, I examine Uygur-Han differences in family size in Urumchi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. I show that Uygur ethnicity is a key predictor of family size in Urumchi. Employment in the state sector reduces the family size of Han Chinese. But it has no impact on Uygur Muslims. Married status is negatively associated with family size among the Uygurs but is not related to residence in a large household among the Han. I explain these contrasts with reference to the government preferential family planning policies for the Uygurs and the Han. These findings suggest that social status, ethnic culture, and government policy need to be combined to achieve a better understanding of ethnic families in China.     

Getting Out and About: The Relationship Between Urban Form and Senior Travel Patterns

As the overall U.S. population expands outward from the central city and core suburbs and as people age in place, more seniors will reside in suburban and exurban locations. This research seeks to determine whether older adults who live in areas with differing urban forms experience travel pattern variations under controls for other factors related to travel. We analyzed data from a telephone survey of a random sample of seniors aged 75 years and older and we employed a unique approach for establishing the urban form of their residential settings. The results show that urban form does influence travel patterns, including the number of trips and transportation mode, and suggest that the construction of compact, mixed-use communities where today's older adults can age in place may be part of the solution to addressing the mobility needs of our aging population.     

Size of Family of Orientation and Family Size Preference: A Replication

Abstract

Past studies have found a modest, positive association between size of family of orientation and preferred family size and fertility behavior in the family of procreation. While there is some consistency in the findings, contradictions are also noted. The present study replicates earlier studies dealing with preferred family size, and seeks to resolve some of the contradictions by utilizing multiple classification analysis to determine the simultaneous impact of parental family size, religion, happiness, lifestyle stability, and birth order on family size preference.     

职业化教育与家庭教育:责任意识的培养

随着中国人力资源的减少以及社会的快速发展,社会成员的职业化势在必行。而职业化教育与家庭教育密不可分,其中关键的结合点就是责任的教育。尽管多数家长表示关心对儿童的责任心教育,但事实上效果并不显著。其中缺失了对顺从和基本职业概念的教育。需要分层开展责任教育,让社会成员能为自己负责。同时也需要协助未成年人尽早了解社会分工和职业。     

Black and White Families: Factors Affecting the Wife's Contribution to the Family Income Where the Husband's Income Is Low to Moderate*

The economic role of the black wife in contrast to her husband's weak economic position is a key assumption in Moynihan's thesis of a black matriarchy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of women, aged 30 to 44, in 1967, this paper examines the factors affecting the wife's contribution to the family income for both black and white families where the husband's income is below the median of all male-headed families. The results suggest that black wives and white wives respond similarly with respect to their overall contribution, the demand for female labor, and the effect of children. There is no support, moreover, for Moynihan's assumption that black wives are compensating for their husband's weak economic position. It appears, however, that the definition of the provider may differ among black families and white families.     

Characteristics of Couples Who Attend Family Services Counselor Visits in Relationship Education

Case management services for low-income couples receiving relationship education have been required by federal funding agencies. Studies examining relationship education outcomes for low-income couples have yet to address participant characteristics of those who attend case management services (e.g., distressed vs. nondistressed). Thus, this study examined the influence of baseline relationship satisfaction and demographics on attendance at case management visits for 2,628 low-income, partnered participants who attended relationship education. Findings indicated that participants who reported higher baseline relationship distress attended more family services counselor (FSC) visits. However, when we added demographics to the model, relationship distress no longer predicted FSC visits, whereas income served as a predictor for men and women, with those reporting greater monthly income attending more FSC visits.     

Drawing Family Boundaries: Children's Perspectives on Family Relationships in Rural and Urban Ethiopia

This article explores how children conceptualise and practice family relationships in two social settings in Ethiopia. Based on ethnographic data, it discusses (i) how urban and rural children construct family; (ii) what family activities children do and which social positions they assume; and (iii) the convergence and divergence of meanings and practices of family relationships between urban and rural Ethiopia. The analysis demonstrates how ‘normative family’ and actual ‘family practices’ are shaped by socio‐cultural, material and spatial contexts. Insights drawn also reveal the complex ways in which access to material resources, geographical distance, rural‐urban locations and cultural traits such as patterns of marriage and child relocation practices shape family relationships.     

The Relationship Between Family Structure and Parent-Child Relationship Problems in Single Father Households

This study examines the influence of number, sex distribution, age distribution, and age spacing of children on the severity of parent-child relationship problems in 912 single father households. Fathers with custody of preadolescent girls, compared to those raising both preadolescent and adolescent girls, children of both sexes, or boys exclusively, reported significantly fewer problems with their children. No effects were found for family size or age spacing. The method of obtaining custody, social support, marital conflict, and father involvement in child care during the marriage were also significant predictors of the dependent variable.     

上海家庭教育的现状及发展思考

上海家庭教育既表现出典型的现代化趋势,也存在不符合现代家庭教育发展理念的若干问题,主要表现在：家庭治理模式向现代民主型模式转变,但部分家长的教养态度依然不够民主;父母对孩子成长的关注与孩子的心理需求存在较大偏差。父母最关心孩子的学习成绩,而孩子最希望父母关注他们的内心想法;亲子活动较少,孩子与父母的沟通意向不强,网络聊天对孩子的影响对亲子沟通方式提出了挑战。建议通过重新认识家庭教育的独特作用与功能定位;提高家庭教育的文化含量,建设和谐文化;加强家庭教育指导,满足多样化的家庭教育需求;加强平台建设,完善学校、家庭、社会“三位一体”合力育人机制等方式提升家庭教育质量。     

The Fertility Transition and Family Urban Income Distribution in Colombia*

This paper examines the effect of social and demographic changes on family income distribution in the largest Colombian cities between 1967 and 1968 and 1984 and 1985, two periods representing the conditions before and after Colombia's sharp fertility decline. The results indicate that urban family income distribution worsened between the two periods, when income shares from the middle-income groups declined while those received by the richest 10 percent increased and the shares received by the poorest 50 percent were unchanged. A decomposition of the Theil index revealed that the deterioration in urban family income inequality could be traced to groups whose representation in the population increased, namely: households with more educated heads, with working wives, with smaller families, and with fewer children.     

数字时代家庭教育面临的挑战与对策

人类社会进入到数字时代,网络对我们的生活产生了很大的影响,在很大程度上改变了我们的学习方式、交际方式和生活方式。但当我们在大力发展网络的同时却有众多媒体对网络带来不良影响的频频关注,这似乎形成了一种悖论。因此,本文从数字时代孩子和家长的现状出发.基于网络的正面影响建立数字时代开放的家庭教育观。形成数字时代的健康的家庭教育方式。     

积极的家庭教育与青少年人生发展--从"浪子回头"故事谈起

家庭作为孩子出生成长凝聚着血缘亲情的社会基本单位,在青少年人生发展和道德培养过程中具有特殊意义.笔者尝试从民间故事的"浪子回头"主题切入,采用文化分析的方法,深入阐释这些故事中蕴藏的民间智慧,揭示家庭的教育功能,同时提出成功的家庭教育是一种积极的家庭教育.积极的家庭教育理念蕴含三个方面的内容宽容青少年在生命的过渡时期表现出的迟滞甚至倒退;积极地引导青少年面对成长危机;与青少年建立积极的亲子关系.     

Family Size and College Aspirations: A Note on Catholic-Protestant Differences

Data from a study of college aspirations among 40,000 Minnesota adolescents indicate that the relationship of family size to aspirations is somewhat higher among Protestants than Catholics. Overall aspirational differences between religious groups are minor. Further analysis suggests that these differences are probably not a function of financial capacities but rather of more basic socialization practices. The data are used to illustrate an alternative approach in analyzing the relevance of religion to contemporary society: examining processual differences between religious groups rather than concentrating only on outcomes–such as net differences in aspirations. The paper concludes by speculating that social process may be critical in distinguishing Protestants from Catholics but has generally been neglected in contemporary research on religion.     

Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste Among Urban Muslims in India

This article explores how the significance of ethnic identity can vary within a stable population, using caste among Muslims in Hyderabad, India as a case study. While some Hyderabadi Muslims are still embedded in ethnic networks, most now experience ethnicity as elective and do not rely on a corporate caste group for their social connections. This reflects a decline in the value of caste identities, which no longer provide economic or political resources. Increasingly, Muslims seek status through education, profession, or income. Thus, most Muslims in Hyderabad experience caste membership, identity, and networks in a weakened or attenuated way.     

Family Migration: The Role of Children and Education in Family Decision‐Making Strategies of Polish Migrants in London

Poland’s accession to the European Union in May 2004 brought many new possibilities and opportunities for Polish migrants to the United Kingdom. However, the focus on individual migrants has underestimated the complex roles of families in migration strategies and decision making. This paper brings together data from two studies of Polish migrants in London. In 2006–2007, we carried out a qualitative study, Recent Polish Migrants in London. That research examined how families may be reconfigured in different ways through migration, for example, transnational networks and splits within families. While the study participants represented varied examples of family reunification, they also revealed the complex decision making processes about leaving, staying, rejoining and returning. In our most recent study, Polish Children in London Primary Schools, we interviewed parents, who had migrated with children, about their experiences and expectations of London schools. This study revealed that the age of children was usually a factor in family migration decision making. There was a common expectation that younger children could easily adapt to a new school and learn English quickly. Drawing on the findings of these two studies, this paper will explore firstly, the variety of family migration strategies and secondly, the factors that inform migrants’ decisions to bring their families (especially children) or to leave them back home. Finally, the paper concludes by considering some of the policy implications of our findings.     

新时期家庭教育学科发展与课程建设思路研究

我国家庭教育学科发展与课程建设已初显成效,但家庭教育尚未完全成长为一门真正独立和成熟的学科,它与学科建设的内在标准和外在标准之间尚有一定距离。家庭教育学科建设需要坚持系统观与大教育观,加快构建家庭教育的科学研究范式与理论体系,加快构建符合时代要求、具有中国特色的家庭教育学科体系。同时,要切实提高家庭教育的学科地位,科学设置家庭教育课程体系,不断健全家庭教育的社会支持体系,从而推动家庭教育学科发展与课程建设不断迈上新台阶。     

农村留守儿童的家庭教育

本文采用问卷调查与个案访谈相结合的方法,对鄂西北农村208名留守儿童的家庭教育状况进行了研究探讨。文章从当前家庭教育“喜”与“悲”二个方面对留守儿童的家庭教育状况进行了全面分析,并在此基础上提出了针对留守儿童家庭教育中存在问题的主要对策。