近代“青年”观念的形成与展开——以近代日本青年主义发展的过程为例

青年与青年运动既伴随着近代社会的进程而诞生,同时也是作为近代社会的对立、对抗的一方而存在。"青年"理念的产生并不是一个由社会问题而产生的孤立现象,或者是政治运动的权宜之计,而是近代化过程中一种新型思想的诞生,是一种以"青年"理念为核心的概念群的产生。这类概念体系在充满着形形色色"主义"的19世纪可以被称之为"青年主义"。到了19世纪80年代,日本的知识界、舆论界将近代西方哲学和社会理论进行了翻译与再创造,构筑了汉语范围内有关"青年"话语的原生系统。自此,"青年"作为一种思想的形成和发展,贯穿整个20世纪,并且深刻地影响了现代中国的政治社会进程。     

Joseph Gusfield and Social Problems Theory

Joseph R. Gusfield was a key figure in the emergence of constructionist social problems theory. His approach was characterized by: his determination to identify the cultural, structural, and historical context of claims; attention to the choices among alternatives that shaped how problems were defined; and the rhetoric used by advocates. He highlighted the role of ownership–the ability to define the terms in which social problems are constructed. His work is also notable for its skepticism regarding social scientists’ theorizing.     

Money,Marriage, and Children: Testing the Financial Expectations and Family Formation Theory

Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (N = 2,954), a birth cohort study, this work examines how gains in earnings and income are associated with marriage and subsequent childbearing for low‐income couples. Using change models, results indicate that positive changes in earnings, controlling for baseline levels of earnings, were associated with greater odds of marriage. Cohabiting couples who became poor were associated with a 37% decrease in marriage likelihood. Neither earnings nor income was affiliated with additional fertility. Results are consistent with the Financial Expectations and Family Formation theory, which posits that positive economic circumstances are necessary for marriage, but are not associated with subsequent childbearing.     

Violence Regimes: A Useful Concept for Social Politics,Social Analysis,and Social Theory

Theory and Society - This paper critically interrogates the usefulness of the concept of violence regimes for social politics, social analysis, and social theory. In the first case, violence...     

Structural Problems in the Formation and Function of Blended Families

This paper outlines a structural family therapy analysis of the problems that occur in the formation and functioning of blended families. The difference between blended families and other types of family is discussed and an attempt is made to differentiate blended families from each other. Common structural problems in blended families are described with case study examples. Reference is made to the part that access and custody disputes play in the problems of the blended family and some suggestions are made regarding therapy with these families.     

Appropriate Terminology for the Alcohol,Eating, and Physical Activity Relationship

Abstract

“Drunkorexia” merges prior literature identifying positive relationships between (a) alcohol use/abuse and disordered eating/eating disorders, (b) alcohol use/abuse and physical activity, and (c) disordered eating/eating disorders and physical activity. The term, highlighting an individual's proactive and/or reactive weight management behaviors (ie, disordered eating, physical activity) in relation to alcohol consumption, originated in news editorials and has recently gained recognition via use in scholarly publications. The purpose of this commentary is to recommend discontinuing use of the term “drunkorexia” due to (a) inconsistent definitions of drunkorexia across investigations, (b) drunkorexia being a misnomer, and (c) the medical community's lack of recognition/acceptance of drunkorexia. Because the behaviors encompassed by drunkorexia are of concern to researchers and health professionals, future investigations are still warranted. However, until a medically recognized term/phrase is accepted, scholars should utilize more appropriate characterizations such as “weight-conscious drinkers,” “weight management behaviors of drinkers,” or “Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified” (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision).     

Interaction Theory in the Federal Republic of Germany: Development,Current Position,Themes, and Problems

After the end of World War II in West Germany, action and interaction theories and phenomenological sociology occupied only fringe positions. At the end of the 1960s, criticism of the prevalent neopositivistic research methodology, systems theory, and the rapidly spreading critical theory increased. This, coupled with the positive reception given symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology from the United States, caused interaction theories to flourish. Today they are among the four or five main schools of thought in West German sociology. In methodological work, the “interpretative” or “communicative” social research of the time developed the narrative interview and life history method. Group discussion and participant observation were also used for interactionist social research. A survey of the subjects interactionists have covered in their research shows how widely interaction theory has been applied. The main themes of current interaction theory are: (1) conceptualizing the difference between unpremeditated behavior and meaningful action, (2) formulating a theory that covers both “structure” and “action”, and (3) developing an interactionist macro theory. The future of interaction theory is analyzed and assessed optimistically.     

Virtues,Values and Victims: Toward a Theory of Social Problems

Abstract

The area of social problems has suffered from inadequate definitions, largely because there is no serious application of theory to the problem. An examination of epistemological issues reveals three distinct approaches: the virtues approach, based on objectivity, the values approach, based on subjectivity, and the victims approach, based on a dialectical relationship of object and subject. The implications of these epistemologies for social problems are assessed, and the necessity of an ethical position is demonstrated. Finally three social problem issues are defined: issues of human survival, of human community, of human dignity.     

Knowledge, Consequences, and Experience: The Social Construction of Environmental Problems

Perhaps one of the most obvious yet difficult questions confronting sociologists concerned with large-scale environmental problems is an epistemological one: How do we know what we know about the state of the environment? This paper explores the realist and constructionist approaches to environmental-social problems and finds both inadequate as currently formulated. A case is made for a phenomenological constructionism that moves beyond relativism and simple definitional constructionism by exploring how we actually experience the world. This approach recognizes the existence of a natural world independent of our constructions, yet suggests that our knowledge of it is always mediated, indirect, and pragmatically motivated.     

北京市科技公共服务体系建设：现状、问题与对策

科技公共服务体系是科技北京建设的基础性工程。北京市紧紧围绕科技北京建设的战略要求,加大了科技公共服务体系的建设,取得了一定的成效。但存在的问题主要表现在：科技资源聚集能力强而资源共享作用弱;共性技术服务功能缺位,技术孵化、产业孵化功能缺失;管理制度的整体性系统性不强。加强北京市科技公共服务体系建设,应加强科技创新资源整合,促进科技创新产业联盟;尽快建立产业共性技术供给与扩散机制,根本解决创新服务功能缺项的问题;以提升自主创新能力、增强国家科技竞争力为政策主线完善政策体系,提高科技政策的系统性和政策效率。     

给水管网目标函数中的技术经济问题

指出传统管网技术经济计算模型中的目标函数存在的三个主要问题,进行了较详细的分析并——给出修正,最后对修正前后的不同效果进行了对比。     

The Family Rule Concept in the Theory of Family Therapy**

This paper is an exploration of the usefulness of the concept of a family rule in systems thinking. Wittgenstein's analysis of rule conforming behaviour is considered alongside the early contributions of Jackson, Haley and others. Confusion has resulted from using the word “rule” in both its everyday sense and as a theoretical construct. A parallel confusion shows Itself in the activity of reframing where the selection of an alternative context is often theoretically based while the client receives an explanation in the language of everyday intentional actions.     

Quantifying Accidents: Cars,Statistics, and Unintended Consequences in the Construction of Social Problems Over Time

This paper investigates the potential effects of a single cultural means of claimsmaking—quantification—on the construction of a social problem through time. By analyzing salient historical uses of statistics in public debates on traffic accidents in the United States, the study seeks to advance the understanding of the role played by numerical claims in the broader dynamics of problem evolution and development. Specifically, key employments of numbers by early automobile clubs, the private insurance industry, safety movement and establishment, and printed media are closely traced and interrelated to flesh out their impacts on dominant representations of the issue over the long term. While numerical claimsmaking produced divergent, often contradictory effects on the construction of the problem, I argue that figures ultimately contributed to the gradual waning of the moralist and political zest that characterized much of the claimsmaking activities on the issue in the first half of the twentieth century. The argument provides one explanation of how traffic accidents can come to be defined in contemporary society as a “necessary evil”—a regrettable yet largely unalterable price to pay for the benefits of the automobile. To the extent that many of these quantification effects are unintended, they are linked to both the nature of statistical argumentation employed in this case and its institutional contexts.     

The Concept of Oppression and the Development of a Social Theory of Disability

In this paper it is argued that a social theory of disability can best be developed through the use of the concept of oppression. This concept is outlined, and special emphasis is placed on the importance of the social origins of impairment in such an analysis. The ways in which this approach would utilise data gathered from other theoretical perspectives is indicated. General features of a theory of disability as oppression are specified.     

乌玛观念与伊斯兰宗教共同体的构建

“乌玛”是伊斯兰思想体系中最重要的观念之一,对伊斯兰社会的形成和发展具有重要影响。《古兰经》确立了“乌玛”作为伊斯兰宗教共同体的观念,而麦地那时期乌玛观念的实践则为穆斯林后代树立了典范。在古代伊斯兰社会,大征服和帝国的伊斯兰化虽使伊斯兰乌玛的规模得到扩大,但政权分立、教派分化和族裔对立却使统一的乌玛走向分裂。近代以来西方的入侵和控制以及伊斯兰世界民族主义和世俗主义思潮的兴起,大大激发了伊斯兰世界重建乌玛的激情和斗志。为此,他们不断尝试泛伊斯兰主义、现代伊斯兰主义以及全球化时代以信息网络为依托的伊斯兰统一。     

乌玛观念与伊斯兰宗教共同体的构建

"乌玛"是伊斯兰思想体系中最重要的观念之一,对伊斯兰社会的形成和发展具有重要影响.《古兰经》确立了"乌玛"作为伊斯兰宗教共同体的观念,而麦地那时期乌玛观念的实践则为穆斯林后代树立了典范.在古代伊斯兰社会,大征服和帝国的伊斯兰化虽使伊斯兰乌玛的规模得到扩大,但政权分立、教派分化和族裔对立却使统一的乌玛走向分裂.近代以来西方的入侵和控制以及伊斯兰世界民族主义和世俗主义思潮的兴起,大大激发了伊斯兰世界重建乌玛的激情和斗志.为此,他们不断尝试泛伊斯兰主义、现代伊斯兰主义以及全球化时代以信息网络为依托的伊斯兰统一.     

Premarital Sexual Intercourse and Axiomatic Theory Construction*

Axiomatic theory construction was used in this study to analyze the likelihood of participation in premarital sexual intercourse by college women. The sample consisted of 754 never-married female students enrolled in a midwestern, residential university who responded to a sexual attitudes and behavior survey. Forty-eight empirical propositions concerning premarital sexual intercourse were tested, nineteen of which were found to be statistically significant. Three derived propositions were reformulated from these findings, which in turn were utilized to develop two middle-range theories: commitment theory and cultural milieu theory. These theories clearly demonstrate the role of changing personal and societal attitudes toward sexuality and perceived partner commitment in the decision to become sexually active.