中国特大城市人口规模控制的探讨

目前,针对城市病等问题,国内很多特大城市重新开始实行严格的人口规模控制政策,引起媒体和学术界的广泛关注和讨论。本文梳理了已有研究中关于特大城市人口规模控制的必要性、合理性和可行性的代表性观点和主要争议。总体上,目前学术界主要从生产效率、公平性、环境容量及手段论等角度出发探讨人口规模控制的必要性;支持对人口规模进行控制的学者在应该控制哪些人的流动以及如何控制上仍然存在着很大争议。本文在对已有观点进行批判性吸收的基础上,提出特大城市的人口控制应该从全国层面入手,取消户籍限制和大城市的特权。     

The Quest for the Elusive Female Orgasm

Public health information and educational interventions regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) have focused on the link between vaginal sex and cervical cancer among women. Many people are unaware that HPV can be transmitted through oral sex or that HPV causes oral cancers. Given that HPV infections and unprotected oral sex are increasing, research on oral sex-related HPV risk is important. This study examined the effect of a brief informational intervention regarding HPV and oral sex on the sexual risk cognitions of young adults. College students (N = 238) read information on HPV, oral sex, and oral cancer or no information. Participants then completed measures of oral sex and HPV knowledge, oral sex willingness, HPV vaccination likelihood, and risk perceptions. Participants who read the information on HPV and oral sex and cancer (compared to those who did not) reported greater knowledge, perceived risk and concern, and lower willingness to engage in oral sex. These effects were only significant among women. However, men reported a higher likelihood of future HPV vaccination compared to women who had not yet received the vaccine. Focusing on oral sex and cancer, this study adds to research investigating ways to reduce HPV infections.     

我国人口结构转变与城镇人口老龄化趋势预测

在我国改革开放以来快速推进的城镇化进程中,大量农村人口转移到城镇.相比城镇人口的自然增长水平,从乡村迁移至城镇的人口无疑是影响城镇人口未来规模的更重要因素.随着我国城乡统筹发展战略的实施实现,以及未来经济产业布局的日趋成熟和协调,这种高强度的乡城迁移水平会得到一定缓解.城镇在中国的经济和社会发展中具有特殊重要的地位,各类研究和政策决策度都离不开城镇人口规模的详细基础数据.     

Elusive reconciliations: ideological conflict in youth homeless shelters

This paper explores an important contradiction in the operation of youth homeless shelters: while employees may champion autonomy, stringent regulations constrict independence. Inherent in shelter life is a struggle between more symbolically powerful staff members, who exercise authority and judgment over residents in accordance with societal norms, and youth, who are compelled to feel at once independent and subject. Power differentials and the transmission of messages about worth, deservingness, and compliance should be scrutinized by shelter staff members and top leadership. Understanding how the most effective staff-resident collaboration can be initiated will require sincere consideration of the extent to which “necessary” limitations of personal liberty within an environment that pushes autonomy actually represent manifestations of symbolic processes of power.     

合理控制上海人口规模优化人口结构研究

根据历次人口普查数据分析,上海人口过快增长主要源于来沪人员的快速导入,而来沪人员数量的过快增长又主要源于低端就业人群、非法就业人群以及非就业人口的无序导入。同时,来沪人员过度集聚在城郊结合部的态势仍很明显,给城市正常运行造成一定压力。面对人口总量不断攀升、城市承载负荷日益加重的严峻现实,上海必须要有紧迫意识,切实贯彻中央关于"特大城市要合理控制人口规模"的意见精神,把加强人口调控作为一项重大任务。在人口流动因素多元复杂的大背景下,重点抓住导致人口不合理增长的政策因素,审慎甄别其内在的驱动机理,有针对性地进行政策的强化、补充、调整与完善。     

Rubella Susceptibility and Immunization in a University Population: Experience,Strategy, and Policy

Abstract

Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, rubella continues to occur in the United States. In recent years 70% of all cases have occurred in college aged individuals. Since 1978 the University of Rochester has required all entering students to have either rubella immunization or rubella serology. Compliance with this requirement has been excellent and has resulted in an increase in the rubella immunization rate from 52% to 71 %. Of those obtaining serology, the overall susceptibility rate (HI titer < 1:16) was 18%. Less than half of susceptible women accepted immunization, and few susceptible men sought immunization. College entry is a logical time to define an individual's rubella status.     

北京人口和产业政策的经济影响分析——利用扩展的投入产出模型

本文分析北京控制人口增长和产业政策引发的经济影响,通过延伸的北京投入产出模型计算最终需求(产出、收入、税收和GDP)乘数和产出驱动(产出、收入、税收和GDP)乘数,测算北京人口控制和产业疏解引发的经济影响和土地开发限制引发的经济影响。分析结果显示,无论是人口控制、产业疏解,还是土地开发限制,对北京的经济影响都是相当显著的,计算的主要经济指标(分行业的产出、收入、税收和GDP)的绝对值和增长率都表明了这个结论。因此,北京在控制人口和疏解产业的同时,需要采取相应的措施来消除控制城市增长的人口和产业政策带来的税收、收入等负面影响。     

Business Incubation for People with Severe Mental Illness Histories: The Experience of One Model

ABSTRACT

The Enterprise People was a business incubator for people with serious mental health conditions that operated in Madison, Wisconsin, from 1998–2005. It supported entrepreneurs with learning basic business skills, start-up processes and expenses, back office supports, ongoing problem solving, and for some, with space to conduct their businesses. The original impetus was to discover whether people with SMI histories could successfully start and operate small businesses. Although this was confirmed, the experience also uncovered factors that will allow other projects of this sort to succeed, and some core infrastructural supports that need to be created. The experience demonstrates that self-employment supported by formal business incubation is a viable option in the range of mental health vocational rehabilitation models.     

The Administrative Hearing Experience:

Differential treatment of men and women by employers has recieved much attention in recent years. At the extreme, disparity in the treatment of women in the military, federal employment, institutions of higher learning and private employment has been identified, and remedial actions initiated through legal means instituted under various federal laws. Researchers have also investigated disparity in the treatment of men and women within the legal system, although most attention has been focused on criminal judicial processes. Non-criminal legal proceedings constitute an institution in which possible disparity in both the treatment and attitudes of women and men participants has not been fully analyzed. Administrative hearings comprise a large number of legal proceedings in which women claimants face primarily men hearing officers. Hearings involving unemployment insurance and welfare claims, and Social Security, provide the most likely confrontation women will have with the largely male dominated judicial system. This study compares both objective aspects of administrative hearings and claimants' perceptions of the hearings for men and women involved in unemployment insurance claim appeals. Interview data and quantitative analyses of apporximately 350 hearings conducted in a field experiment in New Mexico during 1980 provide the information for the analyses. The findings reported show that women claiments are more prone to lose in appeals than men claimants even when other confounding factors such as issues involved are controlled. Women claimants also tend to talk more than their male counterparts in the hearings. While patterns in questioning did not differ for women and men, women definitely talked more than men, although it did not appear to improve their chances of winning. In contrast to the striking differences in hearing outcome and the length of testimony provided by men and women claimants evaluations of the hearing experience were quite similar for the men and women. This exploratory research suggests that more work should investigate success rates of men and women in other non-criminal legal proceedings, and continue to test explanations for any observed differences in such rates.     

Patient Rights: The Yale Experience

Abstract

The development of a policy of confidentiality and privacy at the Division of Mental Hygiene, Yale University Health Services, is traced from the earliest reference to it in 1933 through the present. The factors relating to confidentiality within the university are distinguished from those relating to inquiries from outside agencies. The distinction between information requested in connection with further therapy and information requested for use in evaluation for employment or selection is made. In the latter instance, the establishment of a policy of releasing no information to outside agencies, even with a waiver from the patient, is described and explained.     

Elder Abuse: The Canadian Experience

ABSTRACT

Abuse and neglect of older adults occurs in all Canadian communities and solutions require the coordinated efforts of society at large. Amelioration entails more than a legislative approach. Prevention of this growing problem is a social responsibility that requires networking and collaboration between different disciplines in all sectors of the community. This article will discuss elder abuse in Canada from a historical perspective, as well as current legislation, model programs, and research initiatives. It is intended to allow for comparison from the various countries presented in this volume. Hopefully, readers will find some models, or ideas, they may wish to explore or even replicate within their own jurisdictions.