对我国育龄妇女生育健康状况的分析——个体指标的应用实例

本文利用 1997年全国人口与生殖健康调查数据 ,应用作者提出的育龄妇女生育健康个体指标 ,从人口、社会、经济几个方面对我国育龄妇女生育健康状况的部分影响因素进行了定量分析。分析结果显示 ,我国育龄妇女的生育健康状况及存在主要问题与妇女年龄、文化程度、居住地及社区环境密切相关。文章最后根据分析结果 ,对改善我国育龄妇女生育健康状况提出了几点建议     

育龄妇女生殖健康状况及其影响因素分析

0 77%的妇检者查出患有疾病 ,患病率在地区、城乡、年龄和受教育程度间呈极大差异 :居民 >村民 ,中部 >西部 >东部 ,少数民族 >汉族。影响妇女生殖健康的因素包括个人行为和社会环境因素 ,涉及个人特征、婚育状况、避孕状态、保健意识、宣传教育等。结果提示 :1 增强自我保健意识 ,提高自我保健能力是有效的预防手段。 2 .生殖保健工作重点在农村和中西部。 3 实现生殖健康目标需要重视教育尤其是对女性的教育     

贫困地区的妇女赋权和生育控制

妇女赋权是生殖健康的核心内容之一,它通过赋予妇女权力和机会,转变那些客观上存在性别歧视和社会不平等的一些结构和制度,增强妇女在社会、政治、经济上的权力,实现性别的平等与发展,改善妇女地位,使妇女生育率客观上得到控制。本文从妇女赋权的角度出发,通过妇女赋权对生育水平影响的路径分析来探讨从根本上解决贫困地区控制人口的可能途径：通过实现妇女赋权,增强妇女的自主性、独立性,促使妇女地位的提高,从而使妇女的状况得以改变,降低生育率。     

典型贫困地区农村妇女生育观念和健康状况调查与分析

对典型贫困地区农村妇女的调查发现：典型贫困地区农村妇女生育意愿有了较大的进步,但男孩偏好的传统观念仍然根深蒂固;潜在的人口逆向淘汰现象需要引起注意;妇女的身体素质、健康水平和人口质量处于较低水平,将会产生代际间的继承性,影响新农村的可持续发展能力。     

对人口和生殖健康领域的社会性别意识调查与思考

社会性别平等是实现人口与发展的有效途径,相关政府部门管理者的社会性别意识对于推进人口与生殖健康领域的性别平等具有重要意义。对30个省、市、自治区人口和计划生育委员会与卫生厅项目管理者的调查显示,大多数项目管理者能够正视传统性别文化对妇女的影响,从不平等的性别关系分析人口与生殖健康领域的突出问题,对于推进性别平等具有一定的社会责任感。但同时也反映出:一部分项目管理者对中国的性别平等发展形势缺乏了解,对现实生活中两性不平等的权责关系缺乏辨析,对女性参与项目决策的必要性认识不足,这容易造成公共政策与项目管理中的性别缺失。为此,应提升项目管理者的社会性别分析能力,建立性别平等咨询机制和监督机制,以促进人口与生殖健康领域的社会性别主流化。     

Reproductive mobilities

ABSTRACT

This special issue brings reproduction into a critical mobilities framework. We extend scholarship in cross-border reproductive care and medical mobilities into new theoretical and empirical directions. Reproductive mobilities articulates the mutual constitution of reproduction and mobilities. Human (and nonhuman) movement not only shapes reproduction but produces reproductive imaginaries, desires, futures, trajectories, as well as the subjectivities and ‘becoming-ness’ of diverse reproductive subjects. Through the lens of reproduction, we examine how contemporary mobilities—and immobilities—intersect with gendered, racialized, sexually expressive, nation-inscribed, fertile, infertile, young, aging, pregnant, surrogate, and/or otherwise non/reproductive bodies and persons. Can human reproduction be analyzed without noticing all things mobile and immobile that converge to construct reproductive (and non-reproductive) desires and practices? Can mobility and immobility be considered without thought to how worlds and worlding comes about? Mobility facilitates reproduction, and new possibilities for reproduction; reproduction is mobile at scales from the molecular to the transnational. This effort to bring the fields of reproduction and mobilities into dialogue does not introduce a new sub-field but rather creates the opening for a trajectory of empirical work and theoretical ideas that invigorates mobilities with newfound attention on the matter and becoming-ness of reproduction.     

生育权的法律定位

生育权的法律属性是生育权制度研究的基本问题 ,在生育权的法律属性上 ,可谓仁者见仁 ,智者见智。本文在综合论述生育权的基础上得出 :生育权是公民人身权中的一种身份权 ,是具有夫妻关系的配偶共同而平等享有的权利     

Rural Egyptian women bear heavy disease burden

In 1998, a multidisciplinary group of researchers investigated women's reproductive health in two rural villages in Giza, Egypt using data from clinical examinations and laboratory tests. In addition, a questionnaire supplemented with in-depth interviews illuminated women's perceptions of illness and the sociocultural context of the community. Examining a random sample of 509 married, nonpregnant women, the researchers found that the vast majority of these women suffer from a spectrum of gynecological and related conditions. Beyond reproductive tract infections, which affect roughly half of the women, genital prolapse afflicts 56% and anemia 63%. Suspicious cervical cell changes (11%) and cervical erosion (22%) in women were noted. Moreover, related conditions were also highly prevalent: women suffered from urinary tract infections (14%), obesity (43%), and hypertension (18%). The team also discovered that two-thirds of women with symptoms had not sought care. Factors other than the physical accessibility, inadequacy in the quality and nature of available health services, and low priority that women place on their health have all contributed to women's lack of seeking treatment. This study suggests that a multidisciplinary approach to medical provision, taking women's perceptions into account is the most effective way to address reproductive health and ill health in communities of the developing world.     

The Emotions and Reproductive Health

It is surprising that social demography has so little to say on the emotional underpinnings of demographic behavior. The central proposition of this essay is that emotions are particularly important for understanding the problems of reproductive health. This understanding allows one to consider the usual determinants of personal autonomy, or access to knowledge or services, but also to take into account the fact that much sexual and reproductive behavior is motivated by emotional states that can suppress prior knowledge, services, or agency. The essay draws upon the emerging theoretical literature on emotions in the disciplines of sociology and anthropology to explore the role of emotions in behavior and outcomes related to reproductive health. It looks especially at the cultural meaning, the ideal, and the experienced reality of the emotion of “love.” All these aspects of what is a positive emotion have important positive as well as negative implications for the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive tract problems and for unsafe sexual activity.     

Reproductive health care in India: a new paradigm

India has adopted a new approach to family planning that locates these services within the reproductive health care context. This means that family planning and reproductive health services will be offered as an integrated package. To implement this approach, the government will follow a framework for reproductive health designed by Saroj Pachauri, director of the Population Council's office in New Delhi, to guide the government's new Reproductive and Child Health Project. This initiative marks a significant paradigm shift in India; away from a population-control approach, implemented through a top-down, bureaucratic, target-driven program, towards a gender-sensitive high-quality services responsive to the health needs of clients, especially the women. Considering the geographical variations in reproductive health, the framework contains two service packages: an essential and comprehensive version, each consisting of broad categories of service and matrix of interventions. To support the transition underway, the Council has launched an advocacy project to educate health care providers and policymakers about reproductive health issues and help them translate the framework into effective programs. In order to successfully implement this initiative, partnerships with the nongovernmental sector, especially at the community level are essential.     

A chronology of the study of older women's health: data, discoveries, and future directions

Women have been traditionally ignored in health and medical research. Some reasons for this mentality include a fear of harming a woman's reproductive ability, fear that variations in the menstrual cycle could confound results, fear that a woman's body could not withstand the rigors of clinical research, and an assumption that male and female body chemistry is similar. Thankfully, these fears and assumptions are being challenged and several major data-bases, designed specifically to study women's health, have emerged. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) characterize the major longitudinal studies on women's health, (2) summarize the major discoveries from these studies that are relevant to older women, and (3) pose several future directions for research throughout the paper.     

中国育龄期女性死因分析

育龄期女性的健康风险远远不只是与生殖和生育相关的风险。将人口统计数据和卫生统计数据相结合分析,发现1990-2000年间,育龄期女性人口死亡概率下降了1/4,主要死因为损伤和中毒、肿瘤、循环系统疾病。但这三种主要死因下降程度慢于其他死因的下降,反映了社会、文化、习俗等因素的改善滞后于经济发展和物质生活条件改善对育龄期女性健康的影响。同时,城乡育龄期女性人口存在不同的死因模式。     

生育现代化和测度指标体系

本文阐述了生育现代化的涵义,构建了测度生育现代化进程的指标体系,并且根据设立的指标对我国生育现代化进程进行了测算。     

Interplay of rights,technology, and services explored

Recent developments in the field of reproductive health and family planning have featured key intersections among technology, services, and rights. In May 1999, the Population Council hosted a two-day meeting on rights, technology, and services in reproductive health to examine more deeply the philosophical underpinnings of the council's work. In many countries, planning pregnancies and exercising reproductive rights have been central tenets of feminist thinking and activism for decades. In other settings, fertility-regulation technologies were introduced primarily for the purpose of controlling population growth rather than facilitating the exercise of individual rights. Much of the critique of population programs has centered on violations of rights and the need to protect women in the process of testing and delivering reproductive technologies. Despite a diversity of opinions on the ethics and appropriateness of specific technologies, there is a growing consensus that women and men have a basic right to control their bodies, reproduction, and sexuality. In many places, however, people have faced barriers as they attempt to exercise these rights. Some obstacles are primarily economic, while others are physical or institutional in nature. During the meeting, participants raised many additional questions, and their exploration of these questions highlighted the ways that rights, technology, and service influence each other.     

Men's influence on the onset and progress of fertility decline in Ghana, 1988-98

While lower fertility is commonly associated with women's reproductive autonomy, we demonstrate that the influence of men's education on reproductive decision-making increased during the first decade of rapid fertility decline in Ghana. Husband's education exerts a stronger influence on wife's fertility intentions than does her own education, and the magnitude of the effect of his education increased significantly from 1988 to 1998. Lower fertility in Ghana seems to be associated more with men's declining fertility desires than with women's increasing reproductive autonomy. Nevertheless, there is some indication that women's education may play a relatively greater role in reproductive decision-making as fertility decline progresses still further.     

Reproductive control in apartheid South Africa

Since its inception in 1974, the South African family planning programme has been widely believed to be linked with white fears of growing black numbers. The programme has been repeatedly attacked by detractors as a programme of social and political control. Yet, in spite of the hostile environment, black women's use of services has steadily increased. Using historical and anthropological evidence, this paper delineates the links between the social and political context of racial domination and individual fertility behaviour. It is argued that the quantitative success of the family planning programme is rooted in social and economic shifts conditioning reproductive authority and fertility decision-making. State policies of racial segregation and influx control, ethnic 'homeland' politics, and labour migration of men transformed opportunities and constraints for black women and men, and altered local and household expectations of childbearing. Women came to manage their own fertility as they increasingly found themselves in precarious social and economic circumstances.     

Reproductive goals and achieved fertility: A fifteen-year perspective

A measure of underlying family size preference obtained for a sample of Detroit married women in 1962 is related to their fertility over a 15-year follow-up period. The data represent completed fertility. The I-scale preference measure used differs from the conventional single-valued statement of number of children wanted; it is a more fine-grained measure reflecting the respondent's utility for children as evidenced by her entire preference order. The scales are found to be consistently predictive of fertility over the 15-year prospective period, net of other variables usually associated with differential fertility. The results for the just-married sample, in which preferences and expectations are not confounded with the number of children already born, are particularly striking, with underlying preference much better than expected family size as a predictor of fertility over the entire reproductive cycle. The question of prediction for continuous and discontinuous marriages is discussed.     

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

计划生育法制建设与生殖健康——兼论生殖健康理念的国际比较

我国的婚育制度为计划生育与生殖健康建立了良好的发展环境,我国相关法律规范中体现了《国际人口与发展大会》对生殖健康的要求,为生殖健康事业的发展提供了有力的法律保障和广阔的发展空间。     

环境激素与生殖健康

环境激素问题已成为全球关注的问题。本文主要论述了环境激素的来源、对生物生殖健康的影响及作用机制、防治等。