Genetic Contributions to Adolescents' Extrafamilial Social Interactions: Teachers, Best Friends, and Peers

The purpose of the present study was to investigate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in adolescents' social interactions outside the family. We investigated sibling resemblance for adolescents' reports of interactions with best friends and teachers, and parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups in 701 same-sex adolescent sibling pairs aged 10-18, using a twin, full sibling, and step sibling design. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of sibling resemblance, and to disentangle resemblance due to shared genetic heritage from that due to shared environmental experiences. Substantial genetic influence was found for parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups. Adolescents' reports of positive interactions with teachers and best friends also showed significant genetic influence. In contrast, individual differences in adolescents' reports of negative interactions with teachers and best friends showed no significant genetic influence. In addition, most environmental influences for social interactions with teachers, best friends, and peers were largely of the nonshared variety, suggesting that growing up in the same family does not make adolescents similar in their extrafamilial social interactions.     

Affirmative Action: Psychological Contributions to Policy

Affirmative action is a controversial policy. Lauded by many, the attempt at social engineering has also been condemned by some as unnecessary and by others as counterproductive to the goal of social equality. As such, affirmative action is ideally situated to benefit from psychological research pertaining to the need for and the effectiveness of the policy. This article discusses both the potential benefits to American society of affirmative action and the potential costs of such a policy. Concluding that affirmative action is useful, we end with a look at ways to make affirmative action programs as effective as possible.     

从独白到对话——迈向法律论证理论

法律论证理论摆脱了传统法律方法论所预设的单一法律决定主体的理论局面,而引入多元化的主体,由此使得法律论辩成为可能.法律论证理论视域中,德沃金独白式的赫拉克勒斯法官形象已经被"听众"和"解释的共同体"等复数主体的观念所取代.从独白到对话的理论演变,使法律方法从传统理论迈向法律论证理论.     

The Independence Postulate,Hypothetical and Called-off Acts: a further reply to Rabinowicz

The Independence postulate links current preferences between called-off acts with current preferences between constant acts. Under the assumption that the chance-events used in compound von Neumann-Morgenstern lotteries are value-neutral, current preferences between these constant acts are linked to current preferences between hypothetical acts, conditioned by those chance events. Under an assumption of stability of preferences over time, current preferences between these hypothetical acts are linked to future preferences between what are then and there constant acts. Here, I show that a failure of Independence with respect to current preferences leads to an inconsistency in sequential decisions. Two called-off acts are constructed such that each is admissible in the same sequential decision and yet one is strictly preferred to the other. This responds to a question regarding admissibility posed by Rabinowicz ([2000] Preference stability and substitution of indifferents: A rejoinder to Seidenfeld, Theory and Decision 48: 311–318 [this issue]).     

首相参拜靖国神社：日本人的认识与行动

日本首相参拜靖国神社,其发展变化决非偶然,是一个处心积虑、精心设计的过程。对于首相参拜,日本国内大体上分为赞成和反对两种主张。小泉上台后多次参拜靖国神社,严重损害了中日两国关系的政治基础。就目前形势分析,小泉在其任内不大可能取消“一年一次”去靖国神社参拜的打算。     

新制度主义： 理论评述及其对组织研究的贡献

制度研究是当前国际社会科学界研究的热点，其主要研究领域涉及到政治学、社会学、心理学和管理学等。在20世纪70年代，组织被引入制度研究领域，并且获得了学术界广泛的关注。本文系统回顾了制度研究的发展历程，对新制度主义及其对组织研究的贡献进行评述。     

Song to Self: Promoting a Therapeutic Dialogue with High-Risk Youths Through Poetry and Popular Music

This article presents the implementation of a specialized poetry therapy intervention that incorporated hip-hop and rap music with high-risk youths. The use of this popular musician group work supported these young people's use of self-disclosure. The intervention also involved creative writing as a means of encouraging connection and self-expression among an often difficult-to-engage population.     

Translating Social Motivation Into Action: Contributions of Need for Approval to Children's Social Engagement

This research examined how children's need for approval (NFA) from peers predicted social behavior (prosocial behavior, aggression, and social helplessness) and peer responses (acceptance, victimization, exclusion). Children (N = 526, mean age = 7.95, standard deviation = .33) reported on NFA and teachers reported on social engagement. Approach NFA (motivation to gain approval) predicted more positive engagement and less conflictual engagement and disengagement. Conversely, avoidance NFA (motivation to avoid disapproval) predicted less positive engagement and more conflictual engagement and disengagement. Some results differed by gender. This study suggests that social motivation contributes to children's peer relationships, providing a specific target for interventions to optimize social health.     

Social Dialogue: A Potential "Highroad" to Policies Addressing Ageing in The EU Member States

The impact of demographic ageing on the sustainability of pensions has become the focus of heated debate in Europe, as governments try to reform their welfare systems. Among the most vocal opponents of the reforms are employers' organizations and managements, trade unions and individual workers. The article looks at the issues at stake and the relevance of social dialogue, despite difficulties, for reaching consensus among all stakeholders on acceptable labour market and pension reforms. These have to be comprehensive and free from ideological a priori assumptions. Specific examples of available options are mentioned, including Finland, Denmark, Spain and the United Kingdom.     

Under Pressure: Individual Differences in Children's Suggestibility in Response to Intense Social Influence

Prior research on the relation between children's suggestibility and verbal skills has yielded mixed results. This study examined children's suggestibility in a high social pressure context in conjunction with individual differences in verbal ability and social understanding. Sixty‐nine children were read a story by a classroom visitor. One week later children were asked suggestive questions about the visit and pressured to respond ‘yes’. One week after the first interview, children were re‐asked the same questions, this time with no pressure. Children's suggestibility in response to social pressure was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with receptive vocabulary knowledge, but not with social understanding, the ability to understand and interpret social interactions. In addition, suggestibility scores exhibited a distinctly bimodal distribution, with many children acquiescing to all pressured suggestions, many children acquiescing to no suggestions, and few children falling between these two extremes.     

Primary Divisions of Personality and their Scientific Contributions: From the Trilogy-of-Mind to the Systems Set

Personality theories often identify sets of primary parts. These are sets of a few personality parts expansive enough to collectively describe the total personality. Examples of such sets include the trilogy of mind (motivation, emotion, and cognition), Freud's structural set (id, ego, superego), and the recently-introduced systems set (energy lattice, knowledge works, role player, and executive con-sciousness). These groups may be of unrecognized importance in understanding human personality. The defining characteristics of such sets are identified, their history is reviewed, their theoretical contributions considered, and then, criteria for distinguishing good from bad sets of primary parts are proposed. Finally, the potential contribution of primary parts sets to personality psychology is revisited.     

Gender Pay Differentials in Portugal: Contributions to the Employment Policy Debate in the European Union

Since the implementation of the European Employment Strategy in the 1990s, the issue of gender gaps in the European Union labour markets has been granted a high profile. The Portuguese labour market has performed well on various indicators relating to gender equality, namely, participation and employment rates. Nevertheless, a persistent pay gap remains despite the recent evolution of the labour market, especially concerning the average education level of workers. This article investigates the main factors explaining the gender pay gap across two decades and the way those factors perform along time. We also discuss the means of closing the gap in the context of the European Employment Strategy, considering the lessons from other member states. We used wage decomposition techniques to analyse the relative importance of differences in the productive characteristics of workers, differences in the way men and women are distributed among jobs and the relative importance of discrimination practices. Our findings suggest that most of the pay gap is due to discrimination practices. Individual action by economic agents is insufficient to solve the persistent pay gap. Social partners must incorporate this issue within collective bargaining in order to construct an adequate strategy for reducing the gap, which can only be done by engaging men and women, employees and employers.     

Co-constructing the Personal Space-Time Totality: Listening to the Dialogue of Vygotsky, Lewin, Bronfenbrenner, and Stern

Insightful ideals on the subtle and dynamic relation between the person and the environment have been expressed by Vygotsky, Lewin, Bronfenbrenner and Stern. Carefully following their intricate dialogue reveals that their ideas are mutually enriching. The present essay aims to revitalize this intricate dialogue, and to show how it converges to supply rich meaning to the concept of personal space-time totality. With a view to an empirical study of the personal space-time totality, a four-phase inquiry is proposed, which is essentially a refined co-construction between the subject and the researcher. It is suggested that such a co-construction can be meaningfully integrated into research areas such as autobiographical and narrative studies, commonsense psychology, and optimal human development.     

从集体记忆到个体记忆——对社会记忆研究的一个反思

本文立足于哈布瓦赫传统下的集体记忆研究范式,重点反思社会记忆的权力观和社会决定论问题,并试图将研究重心转移到对个体记忆的关注上。在此,遭遇到记忆的微光,它多存在于个体记忆之中,往往出现在个体记忆与集体记忆的缝隙之间,一般而言,是社会决定论与能动个体之间碰撞的产物。记忆的微光之于强势的社会记忆研究范式,其力量之微弱甚至暂时不能构成一种独立的记忆类型,但它描摹了另一种记忆的存在状态,提示着被忽视的现实洞察。