制度的"路径依赖"对中国近代技术发展的影响

将技术的发展置于广阔的社会制度背景下,对于理解中国近代以来技术的发展至关重要。制度的框架决定了技术的发展方式和内容,制度变迁过程中的“路径依赖”决定了与中国近代技术发展过程相伴的制度始终保持着对历史的“记忆”。在中国两千年“官僚集权”的社会中,“官—民”二重结构的基本制度环境始终影响着社会资源的配置;“重农抑商”政策下的“禁榷”、“官工业”等制度安排“暗示”了洋务运动中的企业制度和技术激励制度的内容;官本位的文化积淀决定了技术创新主体的价值取向和能力配置。制度壁垒导致中国近代技术引进的低效率。总结历史经验是我们今天和未来做出正确抉择的重要依据。     

走向“活”的制度史——以宋代官僚政治制度史研究为例的点滴思考

本文以宋代官僚政治制度史研究为例 ,从“问题意识”、作为“过程”的制度史、作为“关系”的制度史、严格学术规范 ,加强学术交流四个层面阐释了什么是“活”的制度史 ,以及如何才能将制度史研究做“活”的问题     

外交部发言人是如何“炼”成的？

2013年12月12日,外交部举行了一年一度的外国驻华记者新年招待会,这同时也是外交部发言人制度30周年的“生日会”。发言人制度被视为打造“透明政府”的“必选项”。外交部是最早设立发言人制度的国家部委,从1983年至今,一共有27位发言人向世界传递中国声音、诠释中国政策。“问不倒”的发言人是怎样“炼”出来的？外交部发言人制度是如何从“没有座位的发布会”发展为“全天候接受提问”的？     

起底外交部发言人制度

发言人制度被视为打造“透明政府”的“必选项”。外交部是最早设立发言人制度的国家部委,从1983年至今,一共有27位发言人向世界传递中国声音、诠释中国政策。“问不倒”的发言人是怎样“炼”出来的？外交部发言人制度是如何从“没有座位的发布会”发展为“全天候接受提问”的？     

邓小平的制度伦理思想探析

邓小平的制度伦理思想把“三个有利于”作为制度安排合理性的价值标准、把“效率优先”作为制度安排合理性的价值选择,把“共同富裕”作为制度安排合理性的价值目标,明确回答了社会主义市场经济条件下制度变革与创新的伦理取向及所需要的伦理支持问题。邓小平的制度伦理思想对构建社会主义和谐社会的实践具有直接的现实意义。     

海南自贸港离岛免税制度的立改废

离岛免税制度的立、改、废问题需要将理论和实践结合起来进行分析。从“立”来看,离岛免税制度有着明确的定义、实施条件和制度渊源,体现助推旅游业、拉动消费回流等价值追求。从“改”来看,离岛免税制度经历多次修改,并伴随自贸港制度完成定型,形成特殊贸易形态,取得经济发展、红利共享、制度探索等明显效果。从“废”来看,离岛免税制度在内容程序上不能兼容自贸港的清单目录式免税制度,自身存在“套代购”风险,需要在存续一段时间后废止。建议：在早期收获阶段,优化免税零售格局和商品种类,打击“套代购”,与消费品免税正面清单错位并行;在封关运作阶段,废止离岛免税制度,对行邮物品经“二线”出岛实行税收优惠。     

救助站无人可救问题思辨

一种制度的转变,在解决了旧的问题的同时也必然会带来新的问题。实施了21年的“收容遣送”因“违宪”和“侵犯人权”被判了“斩立决”,《城市流浪乞讨人员收容遣送办法》于2003年8月1日被废止,救助制度取代收容遣送制度,解除了一道严重阻碍中国社会劳动力流动的“紧箍咒”,全国上下一片欢呼。但是,从“收容遣送”走向     

健全我国社会救助制度的思考

健全我国社会救助制度是完善社会保障制度、深化经济体制改革、消除贫困的必然要求。健全社会救助制度必须确立“管理统一、项目协调、对象明确、标准严格、实施简便、资金筹措多样”的改革目标;为此,应该遵循“明晰责权”、“科学划线”、“开征新税”、“国家立法”等基本思路。     

职业院校“1+X”证书制度课证融通的现实困境和解决策略探究

自《国家职业教育改革实施方案》颁布以来,“1+X”证书制度已经实施了近五年,其是学历教育与职业技能培训相互衔接的重要依托,是推动职业教育类型化发展的制度创新,更是智能化时代对职业教育人才培养模式改革的内在要求。该文从“1+X”证书制度实施背景入手,探讨实施“1+X”证书试点工作的意义,分析目前实施“1+X”证书制度试点工作在课程融入、“双师”教师素质提升、证书考核和发放标准制定,以及后续的投入和保障措施等方面存在的问题,提出相应的解决办法,以期促进“1+X”证书制度试点工作的进一步开展。     

《墨子·号令》篇对春秋战国时期会计的贡献

墨子在《号令》篇中提出了“五十步一击”、“劝吏民坚守胜围”、“为守备程而署之曰某程”、“募民欲财物粟米以贸易凡器者”、“诸盗守器械，皆断”、“伤甚者令归治病家善举”、“其在莼害，吏与杂訾”和“略视之”的思想，对春秋战国时期会计的贡献在于八个方面：建立储备仓库、建立激励机制、建立规章制度、建立交换制度、建立惩治制度、建立安抚制度、建立簿籍制度、建立检查制度。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.