政府组织内部上下级之间工作机制不合理的防避对策

上下级之间工作机制直接影响组织工作绩效、下属的角色外行为、工作满意度以及离职倾向,对政府组织而言更是如此,不仅关系政府形象,更关乎公共行政目标的实现。当前,政府组织内部上下级之间工作机制不合理主要表现在政策制定机制不合理、执行机制不合理、考核评价机制不合理、沟通协调机制不合理等方面。形成这种情况的原因主要有官僚制组织因素、传统文化因素、公共行政目标因素、心理因素等。解决这个问题,一是要推行清单制度,明确上下级之间的责权利关系;二是要完善行政决策机制;三是要完善下级晋升机制;四是要完善公务员考核机制;五是要完善上下级沟通协调机制。     

如何对待下属的越级沟通

沟通是人际交往中很正常、很自然的行为,但事情一涉及上下级关系,就变得敏感、微妙起来.特别是对越级沟通,人们更是褒贬不一,莫衷一是.要正确对待下属的越级沟通,首先需要领导者明确以下几点.     

构建和谐人际关系的五个主要行动

人际关系是人与人交往关系的总称,是指人群中因交往而构成的相互联系的社会关系,属于社会学范畴。人际关系也称为人际交往,包括亲属关系、朋友关系、学友（同学）关系、师生关系、雇佣关系、战友关系、同事关系、上下级关系等。每个人都有其独特的思想、背景、态度、个性、行为模式和价值观,人际关系对每个人的情绪、生活、工作有很大的影响,甚至对组织气氛、组织沟通、     

上下级“最美距离”的判断标准与调适之策

上下级"最美距离"的判断标准包括看这种距离是否有利于上下级之间的有效沟通、是否有利于维护领导者的权威、是否有利于维护和谐的同事关系、是否有利于提高组织绩效。上下级保持"最美距离"要做到:上级需要注意个人隐私;在工作时间里万万不可颠倒上下级关系;领导对下级要表示适当的关心;上级既要与下级"打成一片",也要在权威上下功夫;及时调整上下级之间的距离;上下级在日常生活要注意把握好分寸。     

上下级关系中传统理念与现代理念的相悖相合之道

关于上下级关系,传统理念与现代理念的相悖之处表现为权威的误解与新解、权益的错配与更替、关系的淡然与相关,相合之处表现为关系纽带的搭建、忠诚的扬弃、才能的认同、最终组织目标的趋同。基于传统理念与现代理念上下级关系认知的相悖相合之处,实现上下级关系的相互成就,需要强化领导者德行,发挥领导者感染力;尊重下级员工,缩小上下级身份差异;提供发展机会,增强组织凝聚力;摆正二者位置,培养下级的责任意识。     

管理组织中上下级契约式信任关系的构建

<正>一段时期以来,随着中国由传统农业社会向现代工商业化社会的转型,各类管理组织中的上下级信任关系和管理秩序也受到新的冲击和考验,原有的更多建立在熟人关系基础上的信任关系日益面临改变甚至失效,新型的信任关系需要确立。一个重要的出路,就是逐步构建更适应现代社会的制度化、合约化的契约式信任关系。而到目前为止,国内各类管理组织中的上下级契约式信任关系仍存在许多有待解决的现实问题,需要我们找准方向,加以解决。     

下级冷漠症的表现、原因及矫正之方

下级与领导相处冷漠症表现为下级对领导的信任趋于保守,上下级交往情感匮乏,极端心理行为表现突出,职场"冷暴力"现象普遍。这一问题的形成主要有上级个体方面、下级个体方面、组织环境方面的原因。矫正下级与领导相处冷漠症,须强化人事晋升制度建设,务求公正透明;构建有机式组织结构,减少指挥层级;加强有效沟通,营造良好的组织人际氛围;明确角色定位,找好人际交往的契合点;树立良好心态,赢得他人信任。     

上下级相互猜忌的化解之道

正一个完整的组织体系,上下级之间存在着相互依存、相互合作的关系。上下级关系和谐,成员各显所能,各尽其职,团队运行效率高效;上下级相互猜忌,缺乏信任,团队就会失去战斗力。因此,上下级之间处理人际关系时,要进行有效沟通,要放低身段、增强互信、化解猜忌,构筑团结合作、信任和谐的良好工作环境,推动事业的发展,实现共同的理想。培根在《论猜忌》中对猜忌做了精辟论述:"猜疑之心犹如蝙蝠,它总是在黄昏中起飞。这种     

基于上下级关系的沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响研究

对315位中国企业的员工进行测试,探讨沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响以及领导-成员交换和"关系"在此过程中的中介作用,并考察年龄、学历、职位级别等个人特征对各变量的影响。研究结论表明:①组织中沟通开放性对员工组织承诺有正向的影响;②沟通开放性对领导-成员交换和上下级"关系"均有正向的影响;③"关系"在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起完全中介作用;④领导-成员交换不直接在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起中介作用。在此基础上对中国企业提出有关建议:建立良性的正式沟通网络,保证各种信息能顺利进行传递;上级要对下属更加开放;上级要与下级保持良好的个人"关系",以获得下属的忠诚,以增强员工的组织承诺。     

上下级关系中的心理阴影及其消除之道

上下级关系受伦理观念、人性、管理等因素的影响,会出现"私衷""利己"和人心善变等现象,造成上下级关系中的心理阴影。上下级关系中的心理阴影得不到及时消除,必然会导致"知行不一"、激励不当,并危及组织关系的平稳发展。消除上下级关系中的心理阴影,最为重要的是建立高质量的上下级关系,具体可通过关心了解组织成员、营造和谐的人际关系、公平分配与知人善任等方式来实现。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.