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1.
Migrants are sometimes regarded as marginal workers in metropolitan labour markets. London has long been a major destination
for migrants from elsewhere in Britain and abroad. In this paper we examine the earnings and unemployment experience in 1929–1931
of male workers who migrated to London, or within London. We use data from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, a large survey of working class households, the records from which have recently been computerised. Our findings indicate
that migrants were not marginal, in fact they enjoyed slightly higher earnings and lower unemployment incidence than native
Londoners. Much of the advantage can be explained by differences in average skill levels and personal characteristics.
Received: 2 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
2.
Chevalier Arnaud Viitanen Tarja K. Viitanen Tarja K. 《Journal of population economics》2003,16(2):323-343
Common wisdom states that teenage childbearing reduces schooling, labour market experience and adult wages. However, the
decisions to be a teenage mother, to quit school, and be less attached to the labour market might all stem from some personal
or family characteristics.
Using the National Child Development Study (NCDS), we find that in Britain teenage childbearing decreases the probability
of post-16 schooling by 12–24%. Employment experience is reduced by up to three years, and the adult pay differential ranges
from 5% to 22%. The negative impact of teen motherhood on various adult outcomes is not only due to some pre-motherhood characteristics;
hence policies aiming to encourage return to school and participation in the labour market may be an efficient way to reduce
the long-term consequences of teenage pregnancy.
Received: 10 October 2000/Accepted: 3 April 2002
All correspondence to Arnaud Chevalier. We are indebted to Martyn Andrews, Colm Harmon, Gauthier Lanot, Ian Walker and to
the participants at the EEEG annual meeting (Southampton, 2000) and seminars at Keele University, LSE and Warwick University
for their comments that greatly improved earlier versions of this paper. We also thank two anonymous referees and Christoph
Schmidt for their insightful comments. All remaining errors are ours. The data was supplied by the Economic and Research Council's
Data Archive at the University of Essex and are used with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Responsible editor: Christoph M. Schmidt. 相似文献
3.
François Bourguignon 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(4):503-521
The collective approach to household consumption behavior tries to infer from variables supposed to affect the general bargaining
position of household members information on the allocation of consumptions goods and tasks among them. This paper investigates
the extension of previous work to the case where children may be considered as a public consumption good by the two adult
members of a household. The main question being asked is whether it is possible to retrieve from the aggregate consumption
behaviour of the household and the relative earnings of the parents information on the allocation of goods between them and
children. This alternative approach to the estimation of the ‘cost of children’ is contrasted with the conventional approach
based on a ‘unitary’ representation of and demographic separability assumptions on household consumption behaviour.
Received: 29 August 1997/Accepted: 26 November 1998 相似文献
4.
Like immigrants, aboriginal populations' economic success may be enhanced by the acquisition of skills and traits appropriate
to the “majority” culture in which they reside. Using 1991 Canadian Census data, we show that Aboriginal labour market success
is greater for Aboriginals whose ancestors intermarried with non-Aboriginals, for those who live off Indian reserves, and
for those who live outside the Yukon and Northwest Territories. While these three “facts” could also be explained by a combination
of other processes, such as discrimination, physical remoteness, and selection, only the skill/trait acquisition, or “assimilation”
hypothesis is consistent with all three.
Received: 04 August 1998/Accepted: 12 October 2000 相似文献
5.
Barefoot and in a German kitchen: federal parental leave and benefit policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Since 1979 German federal maternity leave and benefit policy has given women incentives to stay at home and take care of their newborn and youngest children. In 1986 this leave and benefit policy was changed in several ways, turning it into a powerful instrument for delaying mothers' return to work after childbirth. Using a flexible duration dependence estimation technique for proportional hazards due to Prentice and Gloeckler (1978) and applied to grouped durations by Meyer (1987, 1990), we estimate post childbirth return to work hazards for women during the federally protected leave protection period and immediately upon completion of this leave period. During the leave mothers are less likely to return to work the longer is the time left in the leave protection period; however, this result cannot be attributed generally to high levels of maternity benefits. When the leave protection period ends, mothers with strong labor force attachment who are still on leave return to their jobs.The second author gratefully acknowledges financial support by the National German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) (Grant No. Wa 547/2-1). The authors would like to thank Richard Burkhauser, Barbara Butrica, John F. Ermisch, Joachim Frick, Siv Gustafsson, Philip Merrigan, Johannes Schwarze, Eileen Trzcinski, Jan-Dirk Vlasblom, Gert Wagner, Sheng Zhu and two anonymous referees for their help and suggestions. Remaining errors are of course, our own. Responsible editors: Siv S. Gustafsson, John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
6.
Macunovich DJ 《Journal of population economics》1998,11(1):53-111
Focusing just on the fertility aspects of the Easterlin hypothesis, this paper offers a critical assessment – rather than
just a selective citation – of the extensive fertility literature generated by Easterlin, and a complete inventory of data
and methodologies in seventy-six published analyses. With an equal number of micro- and macro-level analyses using North American
data (twenty-two), the „track record” of the hypothesis is the same in both venues, with fifteen providing significant support
in each case. The literature suggests unequivocal support for the relativity of the income concept in fertility, but is less
clear regarding the source(s) of differences in material aspirations, and suggests that the observed relationship between
fertility and cohort size has varied across countries and time periods due to the effects of additional factors not included
in most models.
Received: 16 July 1996 / Accepted: 26 September 1997 相似文献
7.
Stephen Wheatley Price 《Journal of population economics》2001,14(1):193-220
In this paper the employment performance of native and foreign born men in England is examined, using 1993–1994 data from
the Quarterly Labour Force Survey of the United Kingdom. Chiswick's (1982) hypotheses of immigrant employment adjustment are
investigated using logistic regression analysis. We show that there are interesting and important employment effects arising
from immigrant characteristics. Recent white immigrants experience a transitory employment disadvantage. However non-white
immigrants never attain employment equality with native born white men. Education, potential experience, family characteristics
and country of birth are also found to be important determinants of employment.
Received: 13 September 1998/Accepted: 15 July 1999 相似文献
8.
Changes in women's relative wages and employment are analyzed, using social security data from Slovenia (1987–1992) and a
retrospective labor force survey in Estonia (1989–1994). Estonia adopted liberal labor market policies. Slovenia took an interventionist
approach. Nevertheless, relative wages for women rose in both countries. Factors favoring women included: returns to human
capital rose in transition, benefiting women; relative labor demand shifted toward predominantly female sectors; low-wage
women had a disproportionate incentive to exit the labor market, especially in Estonia. However, women were less mobile across
jobs in both countries, so men disproportionately filled new jobs in expanding sectors.
Received: 27 November 1997/Accepted: 20 December 1998 相似文献
9.
Children and return migration 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We explore reasons for return migrations which are motivated by immigrants concerns about their children. We develop a simple model, where parents have paternalistic preferences. We show that parental concerns about the child may lead to an increase, or to a decrease in the tendency to return to the home country. Our model suggests that return plans of the parent may respond differently to the presence of daughters than to the presence of sons. The empirical test of our models relies on the exogeneity of childrens gender. We use a survey panel data set, containing information on both return realisations over 14 years, and intended return plans. Our results lend support to the hypothesis that children influence return plans of their parents.I am grateful to Jerome Adda, Jaap Abring, David Card, Slobodan Djajic, and Ian Preston for comments on earlier versions of this paper. Responsible editor: Christoph M. Schmidt. 相似文献
10.
For modeling complete female fertility we propose a zero-and-two-inflated count data model, which accounts for a relative
excess of both zero and two children. As the underlying distribution of counts we use the standard Poisson distribution and
the more general Gamma count distribution. We compare our proposed model with standard count data models by using data on
complete fertilities for a sample of Swedish women. The preferred specification for Swedish fertility data is the zero-and-two
inflated Gamma count data model. The estimated “extra” probabilities of zero and two children, when modelled as individual
specific probabilities, vary substantially across individuals, with mean of 0.05 and 0.16, respectively. These extra probabilities
show that women who formed a family later in life have a higher probability of being childless, and women of our youngest
cohort have a higher probability of forming a two-child family.
Received: 7 January 1999/Accepted: 19 May 1999 相似文献
11.
IRCA's impact on the occupational concentration and mobility of newly-legalized Mexican men 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We examine the occupational concentration and mobility of a group of unauthorized Mexican men who received amnesty under
IRCA to shed light on the role of legal status in the assimilation process. Initially these men are concentrated in a small
number of traditional migrant jobs. Although their occupational mobility rate is high, it partly represents churning through
these same occupations. When we consider the direction – either upward or downward – of occupational change, we find that
English language ability and the characteristics of the occupation, itself, are strongly correlated with mobility before legalization.
After legalization, few characteristics surpass in importance the common experience of having received amnesty.
Received: 22 July 1997/Accepted: 2 February 1999 相似文献
12.
This paper analyses the dynamics of migratory flows and growth in a developing economy. We show that when workers freely
choose their location, some natives can rationally decide to return to their home country after they have accumulated a certain
amount of knowledge abroad, while some prefer to stay permanently in the same economy (either at home or abroad). We point
out that worker mobility can have an expansionary effect on the developing economy. Moreover, we show that in the long-run,
as the sending economy develops, fewer natives are likely to emigrate and more migrants are likely to return.
Received: 7 December 2000/Accepted: 25 April 2001 相似文献
13.
This paper introduces a counterfactual technique to estimate net emigration from Norwegian birth cohorts from 1846 to 1900.
A main finding is that despite strong fluctuations in annual emigration, the percentage reduction of each cohort due to emigration
was surprisingly stable for all cohorts from 1846 to 1886, with net emigration of about 30% for males and about 20% for females.
Estimating an econometric model of annual male gross emigration by single years of age 15–60 in the period 1870–1914, we find
that previous net emigration from a cohort reduces later gross emigration from the same cohort. The estimations also give
some justification for attributing this to selectivity of emigration, in the sense that only a certain proportion of each
cohort were potential migrants.
Received: 1 October 1997/Accepted: 23 March 2000 相似文献
14.
This paper studies the effect of increased immigration in Austria on the unemployment risk of young natives. Austria experienced
a dramatic rise in the share of alien workers as a result of the breakdown of the former communist regimes (especially from
former Yugoslavia). We concentrate on unemployment entry of young male workers, who are supposed to compete most heavily with
new immigrants. Our results indicate that the detrimental impact – if it exists at all – is only minor. This is irrespective
of the analyzed proxy for competition: The share of foreign workers in an industry or in a region.
Received: 7 March 1996/Accepted: 20 March 1998 相似文献
15.
Hayfron JE 《Journal of population economics》1998,11(2):293-303
This paper tests the assimilation hypothesis with Norwegian data. Using both cross-section and cohort analyses, the results
show that the 1970–1979 immigrant cohort experienced an earnings growth of about 11% between 1980 and 1990, when their earnings
profile was compared to that of natives. This is lower than the 19% assimilation rate predicted by the cross-section method.
On the contrary, the results reveal a rapid earnings divergence across cohorts, and between the 1960–1969 cohort and natives.
It is also shown that the „quality” of successive immigrant waves has declined over time, thus biasing the cross-section estimates
of assimilation.
Received: 8 August 1995 / Accepted: 7 January 1997 相似文献
16.
A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968–88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with jobsecurity greatly speeds up the return to work.We want to thank Jan Kowalski for programming assistence and the Swedish Research Council for the Social Sciences and the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for financial support for the Swedish study. We are grateful to John F. Ermisch, Siv Gustafsson, to two anonymous referees and to colleagues at the Demography Unit for valuable comments. Responsible editors. Siv S. Gustafsson, John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
17.
Family structure and children's achievements 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In this paper we estimate the relationships between several outcomes in early adulthood (educational attainment, economic
inactivity, early childbearing, distress and smoking) and experience of life in a single-parent family during childhood. The
analysis is performed using a special sample of young adults, who are selected from the first five waves of the British Household
Panel Survey (1991–95) and can be matched with at least one sibling over the same period. We also perform level (logit) estimation
using another sample of young adults from the BHPS. We find that: (i) experience of life in a single-parent family is usually
associated with disadvantageous outcomes for young adults; (ii) most of the unfavourable outcomes are linked to an early family
disruption, when the child was aged 0–5; and (iii) level estimates, whose causal interpretation relies on stronger assumptions,
confirm the previous results and show that, for most outcomes, the adverse family structure effect persists even after controlling
for the economic conditions of the family of origin.
Received: 24 August 1998/Accepted: 21 January 2000 相似文献
18.
Family leave policies and women's retention after childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper uses labour force survey data to examine the employment rates and employment decisions of women with young children
in the United States, Britain and Japan. Our results confirm that young children have a very strong negative effect on women's
employment; this effect is most pronounced in Britain. We then take advantage of panel data to investigate the effects of
family leave coverage on women's job retention after childbirth. We find that family leave coverage increases the likelihood
that a woman will return to her employer after childbirth in all three countries, with a particularly marked effect in Japan.
This result suggests that the recent expansions in family leave coverage in the sample countries are likely to lead to increased
employment of women after childbirth.
Received: 10 July 1997/Accepted: 8 June 1998 相似文献
19.
In this paper we examine the process of out-migration and investigate whether cross-sectional earnings assimilation results suffer from selection bias due to out-migration. Our 14 year longitudinal study reveals that emigrants are negatively selected with respect to occupational prestige and to stable full time employment. Our results show no selectivity with respect to human capital or gender. The likelihood of return migration is strongly determined by the range and nature of social attachments to Germany and origin countries. It is also the highest during the first five years since arrival, and grows higher toward retirement. Selective emigration, however, does not appear to distort cross-sectional estimates of earnings assimilation in a relevant way.All Correspondence to Douglas S. Massey. This study has been made possible through various research visits to DIW Berlin and IZA in Bonn. We are grateful for the access to the data, and many useful comments on various drafts by Klaus F. Zimmermann. Earlier drafts were presented at the annual conference of the Population Association of America in Atlanta, and research seminars at Princeton University and IZA, Bonn. We wish to thank many participants for stimulating discussions and useful comments. We have benefitted in making revisions from the comments of three anonymous referees. Responsible editor: Klaus F. Zimmermann. 相似文献
20.
Public employment growth has been parallelled by increased female labour force participation, while real wages for typical
female public sector occupations have not increased. In a theoretical model we, first, show that there is a tradeoff between
day care provision and gross wages for occupations for which day care is a complement. It is possible to combine increased
public labour demand with public day care provision leaving the wage unaffected. Second, non-parents will be in favour of
increasing day care as long as day care productivity is higher than the inverse of the tax rate. This is because the effective
labour supply and, therefore, the tax base increase. Third, parents want to push day care provision even further. They are
prepared to accept a lower day care productivity than non-parents because day care provision relaxes the constraint on their
desired labour supply. The Pareto efficient day care provision is between parents‘ and non-parents‘ preferred levels.
Received: 12 December 1995 / Accepted: 17 September 1997 相似文献