Changing Family Policy in Sweden and Finland during the 1990s

The aim of the article is to analyse changes in family policy programmes in Sweden and Finland during the turbulent years of the 1990s. The results suggest that in spite of cutbacks some features of the ideal‐typical model of Nordic family policy became more prominent towards the end of the 1990s. For example, the importance of universalism was strengthened by such measures as the discontinuation of several forms of tax benefits for families with children in Sweden, and especially in Finland. The subjective right to day care was extended in both countries to cover all children of preschool age. Because of cutbacks, however, policies aimed at promoting horizontal and vertical distribution suffered. There was hardly any change in pronatalism. Compared with the 1970s and 1980s, the 1990s were indeed a period of retrenchment. However, this did not mean profound structural change. In the case of family policy, the early fears concerning the demise of the Nordic model proved false.     

周边变局与中国外交思维的创造性发展

近年来，中国周边虽然摩擦不断，但支撑中国和平发展的基本态势没有改变，中国仍处于为期20年的“战略机遇期”之中，而且在可预期内不会发生根本性逆转。不过，周边变局所引发的危机也预示着，中国与周边国家的关系已经进入深度调整期。为此，在中、短期内，中国需要因时因地调整某些具体的外交政策，防范周边“战略意外”的发生；长远看，中国周边战略思维尤其需要突出“顶层设计”，积极塑造继续有利于和平发展的态势。     

Chopping and Changing Medibank

Part 2: An Interpretation of the Policy Making Process The changes to the health insurance scheme which were announced and implemented in 1976 provide an opportunity to analyse the policy making process in Australia. Two paradigms are used to analyse this process: pluralist and marxist. It is concluded that the marxist paradigm is the more useful in trying to understand the 1976 Medibank changes.     

论奥古斯丁对时间观的变革--拯救现象与捍卫上帝

奥古斯丁在西方思想史上的开创性工作不仅体现在他通过把自由、历史引入哲学而改变了哲学基本问题的格局,而且体现在他通过对时间的追问而改变了古希腊人的传统时间观:时间不再是外在的物理之流,而是我们的思想-意识的伸展.对于奥古斯丁本人来说,这一时间观变革不仅使他得以捍卫上帝的超时间的绝对自由、全知全能以及关于上帝从无中创有的创世学说,而且使他得以"拯救"被物理时间带入"既存在又不存在"的现象世界的真实性;而对于哲学来说,这一时间观变革则使时间本身成了哲学的一个问题,并且是哲学切入其他问题的一个根本问题.     

Healthcare in India: Changing the Financing Strategy

The way in which healthcare is financed is critical for equity in access to healthcare. At present the proportion of public resources committed to healthcare in India is one of the lowest in the world, with less than one‐fifth of health expenditure being publicly financed. India has large‐scale poverty and yet the main source of financing healthcare is out‐of‐pocket expenditure. This is a cause of the huge inequities we see in access to healthcare. The article argues for strengthening public investment and expenditure in the health sector and suggests possible options for doing this. It also calls for a reform of the existing healthcare system by restructuring it to create a universal access mechanism which also factors in the private health sector. The article concludes that it is important to over‐emphasize the fact that health is a public or social good and so cannot be left to the vagaries of the market.     

Changing Lifestyles

No abstract available for this article.     

Changing Lifestyle

No abstract available for this article.     

改革开放前期广州价格体制改革模式初探

在广州经济体制改革的进程中,价格体制改革是关键的一环,其改革的目的是改变僵化的管理体制和不合理的价格体系。广州价格体制改革的历史进程大致可以分为起步、走上轨道和攻坚三个阶段。回顾这段历史,我们可以得到有益的经验和启示。     

Social Policy in Harsh Times. Social Security Development in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s

For the past two decades, Nordic social policy has been subject to a range of serious challenges, among which economic problems and critiques by neo-classical economists have been most prominent. This article raises the question whether Nordic social policy has significantly changed during this period of challenges. Based on an empirical analysis of social expenditure data and three central social security programs, this article provides evidence that changes in Nordic social policy over this period have, in fact, been relatively minor. Indeed, the four welfare states of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have shown remarkable resilience considering the harsh challenges that they have been exposed to since the early 1980s.     

解脱与现实——论纳拉扬《萨姆帕特先生》中人物的文化内涵

《萨姆帕特先生》塑造了印度现代知识分子的形象室利尼瓦斯，他在现实生活中的经历及最后退回到个人世界是对印度教人生哲学的阐释，同时，这一人物也体现了印度现代社会的矛盾及知识分子内在的焦虑和无奈。     

Changing the Financing of the Lithuanian Pensions System

After the first pension reform in Lithuania, in 1995, the reforming process must continue. Important changes are needed, based on principles of old age security financing. A three-tier system has been drafted and approved by the government as a Concept of the reform. The main change proposed as a first tier is the introduction of a national pension based on the residence principle, instead of the existing basic pension based on the insurance principle. It is expected that in this way the problem will be solved of providing protection against poverty for the increasing number of people who do not have the necessary insurance record. The second tier should be a compulsory funded system based on privately managed pension funds. Several important goals would thus be achieved: diversifying the old age security risk between pay-as-you-go and funded schemes; boosting investment opportunities and encouraging financial markets to develop; offering improved incentives for the working population to contribute; and so on. The main obstacle to the introduction of the second tier is the high transition cost. The third tier would comprise voluntary pension funds: their activities should be liberated and the severe constraints on investment return removed.