Working‐class movement and working‐class life : Frankfurt am Main during the Weimar Republic∗

Lynn Lees, Solidarities of Strangers :The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948 (1998), xii + 373 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £45.00/$64.95).

Tim Hitchcock, Peter King and Pamela Sharpe (eds), Chronicling Poverty: The Voices and Strategies of the English Poor, 1640–1840 (1997), xii + 248 (St Martin's Press, New York, $69.95).

Anne Cova, Maternité et droits des femmes en France (XlXe‐XXe siècles) (1997), vii + 435 (Anthropos Historiques, Paris, 250FF). [Motherhood and Women's Rights in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries.]

Kathie Friedman Kasaba, Memories of Migration: Gender, Ethnicity, and Work in the Lives of Jewish and Italian Women in New York, 1870–1924 (1996), xii + 242 (State University of New York, Albany, $59.50, paperback $19.95).

Mary Buckley (ed.), Post‐Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (1997), xvii + 316 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £50.00/$59.95, paperback £16.95/$22.95).

Sudhir Hazareesingh, From Subject to Citizen: The Second Empire and the Emergence of Modern French Democracy (1998), xiii + 393 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, £40.00/$55.00, paperback £14.95/$19.95).

David E. Barclay and Eric Weitz (eds), Between Reform and Revolution: German Socialism and Communism from 1840 to 1990 (1998), xi + 580 (Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, $79.00/£55.00).

Manuel Frey, Der reinliche Biirger. Entstehung und Verbreitung bürgerticher Tugenden in Deutschland, 1760–1860 (1997), 406 (Vandenhoeck &; Ruprecht, Göttingen, DM98). [The Clean Bourgeois. The Creation and Dissemination of Middle Class Virtues in Germany, 1760–1860.]

Alon Confino, The Nation as Local Metaphor. Wurttemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918 (1997), xiii + 280 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, $19.95).

Wolfgang Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria. Popular Magic, Religious Zealotry and Reason of State in Early Modern Europe, trans. J. C. Grayson and David Lederer (I997), xxi + 476 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £50.00/$75.00).

Olaf Blaschke, Katholizismus mid Antisemitismus im Deutschen Kaiserreich (1997), 443 (Vandenhoeck &; Ruprecht, Göttingen, DM78).

Faith Wigzell, Reading Russian Fortunes: Print Culture, Gender, and Divination in Russia from 1765 (1998), xi + 250 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £45.00/$64.95).

Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia:Terror, Propaganda, and Dissent, 1934–1941 (1997), xix + 236 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £45.00/$59.95, paperback , £11.95/$19.95).

Judith Pallot (ed.), Transforming Peasants: Society, State and the Peasantry, 1861–1930 (1998), xix + 264 (St Martin's Press, New York, $69.95).

Sheldon Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life (1997), xvii + 313 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, $39.50/£30.50, paperback $15.95/£13.95).

Theodore Huters, R. Bin Wong and Pauline Yu (eds), Culture and State in Chinese Society: Conventions, Accommodations and Critiques, Irvine Studies in the Humanities (1997), x + 500 (Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, $65.00, paperback $24.95).

Cheryl Anne Cox, Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens (1998), xx + 253 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, $45.00/$33.95).     

The self‐concept of the delinquent female 1

Interviewing: Its Principles and Methods, Annette Garrett, Second Edition, FSAA, New York, 1972

The Experience of Psychotherapy: A Practitioner's Manual, Herbert S. Strean, Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press Inc., 1973.     

From the suburbs to the house: The metropolitan–rural population and the success of women candidates

We analyze the voting behavior of metropolitan and rural residents in relation to women's legislative representation. Examining election data on the U.S. House and all lower state houses, we find that the greater the metropolitan population in a legislative district, the more likely it is to be represented by a woman. We extrapolate from these findings that the modern increase in women's representation can be attributed in part to the rural-to-suburban shift in population and legislative seats.     

The Scale of Government‐financed Persons in China and the Variables Affecting It: The Experience of the Last Ten Years of Institutional Reform

财政供养人员是政府的行政之基,其规模大小直接影响政府效能与社会和谐。1998年以来的政府机构改革,有效地抑制了财政供养规模的膨胀,中国当前的财政供养规模总体上处于安全水平、受控状态,但在优化财政供养人员的结构与功能方面仍然面临巨大挑战。中国的财政供养问题绝非是一个孤立的问题,而是与更深层的政府体制改革息息相关。财政供养问题其实是中国政府体制改革的一个缩影,政府体制很多深层次的问题都会在财政供养问题中得到集中反映,而财政供养存在的各种现实问题,也只有通过政府体制改革才能够从根本上解决。

关键词: 财政供养?机构改革?政府规模

Government‐financed persons (GFPs) form the basis of government administration and the number of the GFPs has a direct bearing on government efficiency and social harmony. Government restructuring since 1998 has effectively curbed inflation in the number of the GFPs, which at present remains at a safe overall level and under control. However, optimizing the structure and functions of GFPs still poses a huge challenge to the central government. The issue of GFPs is by no means an isolated one, but is closely related to government restructuring at a deeper level. In a real sense, the issue of GFPs is a microcosm of China's government restructuring and many of the underlying problems in the government system find a concentrated reflection in the question of GFPs. Conversely, many of the real problems in GFPs can only be thoroughly resolved by government restructuring.     

The impact of population aging in rich countries: What’s the future?

The paper examines the impact of population ageing on macroeconomic outcomes, inflation and labour force participation employing a sample of 23 OECD developed countries from 1960 to 2014 and accounting for the institutional context. Controlling for collective bargaining coordination the results show that a larger elderly share of population would lead to lower real GDP growth, albeit mostly in countries with low population growth rates. Ageing puts substantial downward pressure on inflation due to subdued aggregate demand. Also, results demonstrate that the ageing of the workforce tends to reduce labour supply. To mitigate any adverse effects of population ageing, a combination of labour market policies, pension reforms, greater investment in human capital and technological innovation should be prioritized in policy making.     

The Formation of Complementarity between Confucianism and Taoism in the Pattern of Thought in An-cient China

The early years of the Western HanDynasty saw a major trend of intellectualintermingling. This ranged from free debateon the different schools of thought throughthe peaceful co-existence of six sects to thecomplementary duality of Confucianism andTaoism. In Sima Qian’s masterwork Shiji(Historical Records), the diverse schools ofthought flourishing before the rise of the QinEmpire in 221 BC had been reduced to sixsects: Confucianism, Legalism, Logicism,Mohism, Taoism and the School of …     

The Origin of the Sino-Soviet Alliance

ICommunistideologyplayedacriticaIroleinthelong-standingrelationshipbetweentheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)andtheSovietUnion.However,agreatchangetookpIaceduringtheAnti-JapaneseWarinChina-Firstly,theCentralCommitteeoftheCPChadrepeateddisputeswiththeSovietUnion…