古代中西城市化与民间社团之比较

一、城市文明的特征 什么是城市?英语和俄语"城镇"一词(town和gorod)的原意都是"围子".①汉字"圆"的意思之一是城邑,"圆"的字形直观地显示出其四围的城墙.它证实着人类原初时代在城镇创立上的共性.围子成为人类早期城市的基本特征,说明了政治与军事在城市起源上的重要意义.     

Effects of the war on marriage relationships 1

Abstract

This article discusses the major themes that emerged from a Smith College School for Social Work student's Master's thesis, “Communication Styles in Wind River Native American Clients and the Therapeutic Responses of their Clinicians”. The project explores differences in communication styles between Wind River native people and Anglo‐Americans. Secondly, it seeks to discover therapeutic approaches and styles that are effective with Wind River native people.

Semi‐structured, exploratory interviews were conducted with ten clinicians who worked with Native American clients on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. The participants included mental health care professionals and paraprofessionals from the following professions: psychology, social work, counseling, nursing, and community action.

The findings of the research revealed the importance of understanding cultural differences in human interaction and meaning making as conveyed in communication style. As clinicians, these complex and often subtle differences play a crucial role in our ability to establish a therapeutic alliance and conduct sensitive, effective therapy. Many theoretical models, such as psychodynamic, cognitive and behavioral, family systems, ecological, constructionist, and narrative theories support the successful approaches discussed in the article.     

东北旧石器时代的古人类、古文化与古环境

东北地区出土的旧石器时代人类化石、文化遗物和动物化石材料十分丰富。研究结果表明,早在中更新世时期人类就已居住在中国东北的南部地区,到了晚更新世已基本遍布东北各地,中国东北很可能是古人类及其文化向东北亚地区分布和传播的必经之路。东北地区的旧石器文化分属于早、中、晚三个不同的时期,自身特点鲜明,依制作工艺可区分为大石器、小石器、细石器三个不同的工业类型。东北地区的旧石器时代环境几经变迁,古气候出现了温暖湿润、寒冷干燥、温凉湿润、寒冷干燥四个不同阶段,相应产生的森林植被景观是森林—森林草原、干旱或半干旱草原、疏林草原和森林草原。     

当代审美意识与当代中国书法

当代中国书法艺术不仅是一个时间概念,而且更有它质的内在规定性,当代审美意识的建构是当代中国书法艺术的核心所在。所谓老庄与禅支撑了当代中国书法精神特质的观点,是一种精神的错位,时代的倒置。     

The emotional terrain of parenting and marriage: Emotion work and marital satisfaction

This study examines how the division of labor surrounding emotion work relates to the marital satisfaction of husbands and wives. The analysis is performed on data from a random sample of couples with at least one child from a northern city in a western state (N = 96 couples). Results suggest that for both husbands and wives the emotion work received from and performed for their spouse is significantly and positively related to marital satisfaction. Results also suggest that the marital satisfaction of husbands is enhanced when they are involved in performing emotion work for children, but if their levels of emotion work for children begin to approach or exceed that of their wives then their marital satisfaction tends to decline. Implications of the study are discussed.     

关于中国古代文学批评史著作编写的思考--兼论中国古代文论的现代转化

20世纪以来,国内出版了众多各具特色的文学批评史著作,但总的来看,文学批评史的研究仍有许多尚待开发和完善的方面。具体来说,至少应包括以下几点:其一,要通过对文学批评史的梳理,充分体现出整个中国传统文化精神的特色;其二,通过古今主体间精神对话的方式,揭示出中国古代文学批评理论的现代意义;其三,要正确处理“史”(资料搜集)与“论”(理论阐述)的关系。     

Religion and attitudes toward same-sex marriage among U.S. Latinos

Objectives. This study examines links between multiple aspects of religious involvement and attitudes toward same-sex marriage among U.S. Latinos. The primary focus is on variations by affiliation and participation, but the possible mediating roles of biblical beliefs, clergy cues, and the role of religion in shaping political views are also considered.Methods. We use binary logistic regression models to analyze data from a large nationwide sample of U.S. Latinos conducted by the Pew Hispanic Forum in late 2006.Results. Findings highlight the strong opposition to same-sex marriage among Latino evangelical (or conservative) Protestants and members of sectarian groups (e.g., LDS), even compared with devout Catholics. Although each of the hypothesized mediators is significantly linked with attitudes toward same-sex marriage, for the most part controlling for them does not alter the massive affiliation/attendance differences in attitudes toward same-sex marriage.Conclusions. This study illustrates the importance of religious cleavages in public opinion on social issues within the diverse U.S. Latino population. The significance of religious variations in Hispanic civic life is likely to increase with the growth of the Latino population and the rising numbers of Protestants and sectarians among Latinos.     

中国古代城市的社会保障

中国自古以来即有注重社会保障的优良传统 ,并在城市中较早地形成了以政府为主体 ,辅以家庭赡养 ,家族间收养及私人捐献施舍的社会保障体系。中国古代城市中社会慈善机构设置主要有养济院、漏泽园、育婴堂、惠民局等。历代备荒、救荒机构设置均以仓储为主 ,并有严格的管理制度和救助程序。     

The modern context and ancient resources of Chinese literature

进入和转换古代文学资源是文学现代性的题中应有之义。在20世纪,中国现代文学大致有四种进入古代文学资源的范式：在马克思主义批判地继承文化遗产的思想指引下,中国现代文学出现了以“精华糟粕”说为代表的社会政治化文学传统观范式;在西方阐释学等思潮激活下,产生了以“新文学源流”说为代表的精神启蒙型文学传统观范式;以科学释古与现代审美相结合为特征的“释古立美”类文学传统观范式,则是着重从传统内部进行解释和转化、更新和创造;此外还有一种以日常生活叙事为特征的民间常态化文学传统观范式,显示出古今文学贯通的文化整体性。在多种范式的共生互补、竞相发展中,重要的是在“互动”、“原创”中凸显问题意识,通过对古代文学资源的进入与激活,实现现实生命价值的重构。     

现代经济伦理与社会保障制度

文章对 2 0世纪 5 0年代以后资本主义世界经济发展 ,市场繁荣 ,社会成员生活富足 ,社会保障不仅没有削弱 ,反而得到了不断的扩大和完善的现象进行了分析。认为现代社会保障制度是与现代经济伦理观的变化有着密切的联系 ,现代经济伦理观的形成重塑了现代社会保障制度。文章还对现代经济伦理观产生的原因作了分析     

The socio-cultural context of child marriage in a Bangladeshi village

This article focuses on the reasons for child marriage in a Bangladeshi village. Although the mean age of marriage for women in Bangladesh is currently 20.2, nearly half of all girls are married before the age of 18. In Bangladesh, female sexuality is controlled through early marriage and the custom of purdah , which limits the social interactions between men and women. The methodology of this research was participant observation, supplemented by questionnaires, discussions, interviews and the construction of case studies. The study was conducted in a village in Bangladesh, and looked at why the rural people of Bangladesh marry off their daughters at an early age, whether they think that they will profit from it, and how. Cost-benefit analysis in exchange theory provides the theoretical framework. This study finds that child marriage occurs as a result of the profit-making motive of the people of Bangladesh, despite the huge costs to the individuals involved, the local community and society as a whole.     

Framing same-sex marriage: Media constructions of California's Proposition 8

Legislation regarding the legalization of same-sex marriages has been advocated for and opposed across distinct states in the United States. Claims makers on either side of the issue have attempted to have their voices heard in local and national newspapers. Newspaper personnel determine how to frame the issue, deciding which meanings associated with same-sex marriage will be highlighted and which will go unrepresented. This paper analyzes the media framing of Proposition 8 in California, a voter initiative prohibiting same-sex marriage, comparing frames across three newspapers: one local to California, the San Francisco Chronicle, and two national, the New York Times and the Washington Post. The paper illustrates shifts in frames from May 2008 to August 2010, a time period extending from the vote on the initiative through two court challenges. Overall, the results indicate that these newspapers more frequently frame same-sex marriage as a civil rights issue and that those attempting to block same-sex marriage do so as a function of discrimination. Less frequently, they frame same-sex marriage as a threat to heterosexual marriage. The findings show that the frequency with which the frames appear shift across newspapers as well as the time period of study.     

Direct democracy and minority rights: same-sex marriage bans in the U.S

Objectives. A common critique of direct democracy posits that minority rights are endangered by citizen legislative institutions. By allowing citizens to directly create public policy, these institutions avoid the filtering mechanisms of representative democracy that provide a check on the power of the majority. Empirical research, however, has produced conflicting results that leave the question of direct democracy's effect on minority rights open to debate. This article seeks to empirically test this critique using a comparative, dynamic approach.Methods. I examine the diffusion of same-sex marriage bans in the United States using event-history analysis, comparing direct-democracy states to non-direct-democracy states.Results. The results show that direct-democracy states are significantly more likely than other states to adopt same-sex marriage bans.Conclusion. The findings support the majoritarian critique of direct democracy, suggesting that the rights of minority groups are at relatively higher risk under systems with direct democracy.     

美学与现代生活

本文以现代文化发展变化对人类生存的基本影响为背景 ,探讨美学与现代生活之间的矛盾关系 ,揭示美学对于现代生活的独特意义。文章围绕着“自我”这个中心概念 ,着重分析“美”、“崇高”两个核心美学概念的文化内含和历史演化。作者的基本思想是 :把被抽象化和普遍化的美学思想还原到历史深处 ,更进一步地发掘它们的文化价值。在新世纪的背景上 ,作者肯定美学的积极意义 ,但明确承认它的危机 ,并且指出 ,新的美学前景需要经历一个从“自我”中心到“世界整体”的审美意识转换。海德格尔的美学美学已经提示了这个转换 ,中国传统艺术思想则为之准备了丰富的资源。     

近代横滨与文明开化

横滨作为近代日本首批开港地之一,比其他城市先行一步而面向世界.西方文化随着欧美侨民的进入和横滨对外交流的开展而与日本传统文化产生了碰撞和交融.在这一过程中,横滨逐步发展为幕末日本吸纳西方文明的窗口,并成为明治初年"文明开化"时期对日本早期现代化产生重大影响的策源地.