French Primitivism and the Ends of Empire, 1945–1975

Philip Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (1981), xx+297 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £22.00).

Claus Peter Clasen, Die Augsburger Weber. Leistungen und Krisen des Textilgewerbes um 1600 (1981), 460 (Hieronymus Mülberger, Augsburg, DM82). (The Weavers of Augsburg. Achievements and Crises of the Textile Industry around 1600.)

Michael S. Hindus, Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878 (1980), xxviii+285 (University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, $20.00).

James F. McMillan, Housewife or Harlot. The Place of Women in French Society 1870–1940 (1981), viii‐t‐229 (Harvester Press, Brighton, £18.95).

Margaret Barrow, Women 1870–1928. A Select Guide to Printed and Archival Sources in the United Kingdom (1981), xv+249 (Mansell, £25).

Revue du Nord, numéro special, ‘Histoire des femmes du Nord’, LXIII, 250, (juillet‐décembre, 1981).

R. S. Neale, Bath. A Social History 1650–1850; or, a Valley of Pleasure, yet a Sink of Iniquity (1981), xiv+466, 31 maps and illustrations (Routledge &; Kegan Paul, £18.00).     

Consumption and poverty in the homes of the English poor,c. 1670–1834

The consumer behaviour of the poor in the long eighteenth century has attracted more historical attention in recent years. Yet, we have little understanding of whether regional factors affected consumption or how the poor’s ownership of household goods was influenced by level of poverty and the life-cycle. By focusing on Kent and drawing comparisons to other counties, this article argues that the material lives of the poor were improving by the late eighteenth century, but finds that there were distinct regional differences as the poor acquired more and better goods in London and the Home Counties than in relatively remote areas. Moreover, by using pauper inventories and labourers’ probate inventories, the research finds that the poor were not a homogeneous group with similar levels of material wealth, but should be considered in terms of different subgroups which often led very different material lives to one another due to life-cycle-related problems including sickness and old age. Labourers’ probate inventories are found to represent a minority of the poor who were materially richer than most, whilst pauper inventories appear to represent a more typical subgroup of the poor that struggled to make do and owned most types of goods in smaller numbers.     

Populism? Minor parties and independents in the Australian Federal Parliament, 1945–2016

The election of four One Nation Senators at the 2016 Australian Federal election has been seen as part of a world–wide rise of populist movements that criticizes main stream politics and rejects pluralism, putting forward single concepts of “the people”, that the movements claim to represent. While it is clear that Australian voters, like voters elsewhere, have been seeking alternatives to the major parties, it is less clear that the preferred alternatives fit this populist framework. Australia provides a good case study as the Australian electoral system makes it relatively easy for independents and minor parties to be elected to Parliament. This paper examines all independents and minor party candidates successfully elected in 2016 and at previous Australian Federal elections to determine whether the alternatives to the main stream parties elected since 1945 fit anti-pluralist populist models. It is concluded that, with the exception of the One Nation Party, most of the independents and minor party candidates elected to the Australian Federal Parliament have not fitted such models. However many of those elected do present a challenge to the electoral claims of the major parties. The article concludes by considering the implications of these findings for representative democracy.     

Accurate Understanding of China’s Income,Consumption and Investment

Abstract

This study elaborates on the differences between resident disposable income in the flow of funds table and in the household survey; between household consumption in expenditure-based GDP and in the household survey; and between gross fixed capital formation in expenditure-based GDP and total fixed asset investment in the whole country as shown in investment statistics, from the point of view of their basic concepts and purposes, scope of specifications, data sources, calculation methods and data presentation. We show that the household survey somewhat underestimates household income and consumption, while investment statistics somewhat overestimate total investment in fixed assets. This does not, however, directly affect the accurate understanding of such major economic structures as the structure of the distribution of Chinese nationals’ disposable income among households, enterprises and government, the structure of final demand, etc.     

Accurate Understanding of China＇s Income,Consumption and Investment

从基本概念、基本用途、口径范围、资料来源和计算方法、数据表现等方面阐述资金流量表中的居民可支配收入与住户调查中的居民可支配收入之间的区别,支出法GDP中的居民消费与住户调查中的居民消费之间的区别,以及支出法GDP中的固定资本形成总额与投资统计中的全社会固定资产投资之间的区别,可以揭示出,住户调查中的居民收入和居民消费数据存在一定程度的低估,投资统计中的全社会固定资产投资数据存在一定程度的高估,但并没有直接影响到对中国国民可支配收入在居民、企业、政府三者之间的分配结构和最终需求结构等重大经济结构的准确判断。     

Modern Playhouses: an architectural history of Britain’s new theatres, 1945–1985

Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300 (1984), viii + 387 (Clarendon Press, £28.00).

David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch‐Zuber, Tuscans and their Families. A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (1985), xxiv+404 (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, £32.00).

Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros. Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice (1985), viii+223 (Oxford University Press, New York and London, £25.00).

Mary Prior (ed.), Women in English Society 1500–1800 (1985), xvi + 294 (Methuen, £14.95, paperback £7#lb95).

Olivia Smith, The Politics of Language 1791–1819 (1984), xiii+269 (Clarendon Press, £25.00).

K. C. Phillips, Language and Class in Victorian England (1984), 190 (Basil Blackwell in association ‘with Andre Deutsch, £19.50).

Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists (1984), v+399 (Temple Smith, £19.50).

David J. V. Jones, The Last Rising. The Newport Insurrection of 1839 (1985), 273 (Clarendon Press, £12.50).

Ivor Wilks, South Wales and the Rising of 1839 (1984), 270 (Croom Helm, £18.95).

Rosalind O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth‐century western India (1985), xiv+326 (Cambridge University Press, £30.00).

Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth‐Century New England (1984), xiv+184 (Cambridge University Press, £20.00).

Clair Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (1984), xiii+311 (Albany, State University of New York Press, $39.50).

Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States, 1780–1860 (1985), x+382 (Macmillan, £20.00, paperback £7.95).

Roger Penn, Skilled Workers in the Class Structure (1984), x+259 (Cambridge University Press, £25).

Royden Harrison and Jonathan Zeitlin (eds.), Divisions of Labour. Skilled Workers and Technological Change in Nineteenth‐Century Britain (1985), ix+254 (The Harvester Press, Brighton, £22.50).

Jane Lewis, Women in England 1870–1950: Sexual Divisions and Social Change (1984), xv+240 (Wheatsheaf, £16.95, paperback £5#lb95). Elizabeth Roberts, A Woman's Place. An Oral History of Working‐Class Women 1890–1940 (1984), vii + 246 (Basil Blackwell, £14#lb95).

John Scott and Catherine Griff, Directors of Industry: The British Corporate Network 1904–1976 (1984), 226 (Polity Press, £19#lb50).

R. P. T. Davenport‐Hines, Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior (1984), xii+295 (Cambridge University Press, £25.00).     

Female entrepreneurship: business,marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911

ABSTRACT

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family.