The Promotion and Disruption of Community Service Delivery Systems

In this paper, we report data drawn from a larger project on the functioning of the Queensland community service delivery system, particularly that providing services to people with disabilities. Our reasoning for focusing at this level is that, from the service user's perspective, support is derived from the service delivery system, not just individual service providers. Defining the service delivery system as formal services and informal support networks, we undertook interviews and focus groups with service providers in six areas in Queensland: inner urban, outer urban, rural and remote. The period on which we report is one in which considerable reform activity had been undertaken by funding bodies of the Commonwealth and State governments. We report on those factors we identified which promote the integrated functioning of the service delivery system, as well as those factors that disrupt it. We conclude with a brief evaluative analysis of the current status of the system.     

Welfare consequences of the Swedish disability service system

It has been frequently discussed whether the Swedish disability service system is efficient and whether it meets the demands of equity. The costs of the system for support and service were recently estimated to be USD 11 billion. This article describes the welfare situation for disabled people compared with the general population in Sweden. The Swedish disability service system has managed to provide disabled people with a disposable income over the subsistence minimum in Sweden, but also in the same range as for the general population. In other welfare parameters, disabled people appear to have great welfare losses compared with the general population. Evaluations of handicap technologies (such as service and support) aiming to reduce or compensate for these welfare losses have to meet the requirements of equity and efficiency of the Swedish disability service system.     

社区残疾人服务现状调查——以武汉市为例

残疾人社区服务是残疾人服务体系的重要组成部分。掌握当前社区残疾人服务的状况是完善社区残疾人服务的重要环节。本文以武汉市36个社区为样本,从社区工作人员的专业认知情况、社区工作人员参与社区残疾人服务情况、社区实际提供的残疾人服务内容、残疾人对服务内容的反馈等方面进行了抽样调查,以期为政策的制定提供参考。     

The development of the policy of persons with disabilities in China

China is the country with the most number of disabled people. There is a tradition of helping the disabled and those with difficulties in the Chinese culture. At present, the social protection and public service system has been basically established, and the survival development conditions of the disabled people have greatly improved. China will further improve the public service system for the healthy disabled people and the rights protection system for the disabled people, promoting their social participation and all-rounded development.     

Respite Service for the Elderly in Hong Kong

A pilot project on respite service for the elderly was established in 1989 in Hong Kong. Both the idea of respite service and its practice model were borrowed from the western societies; it was not clear how well the Chinese elderly people and their families would accept this new service. An evaluative study was thus designed to find out the effectiveness of the pilot project. Data were collected from two sources: the elderly clients who have received respite service and their principal carers. The findings indicated that Ihe average utilization rate of the service was low and a seasonal fluctuation existed with much higher rates during the summer months. Ninety-three percent of the princi- pal carers were satisfied with the service and 76% of them would consider re-using the service. Nearly half of the carers previously considering institutions changed their minds. Attitudes towards car- ing relationship after using the service, of both the elderly clients and their principal carers, however, showed controversial resulls. Geron- tological social work practice implications are discussed.     

残疾人事业城乡一体化服务体系研究

残疾人事业城乡一体化服务体系建设是一项综合性的社会系统工程。改革开放以来,我国残疾人服务体系建设取得了显著的成绩,尤其是近年来以残疾人事业城乡一体化统筹发展为突破,在推进残疾人服务体系建设方面做了许多有益的探索,积累了一些成功的经验和行之有效的做法。本文在简要描述残疾人服务体系建设的背景和现状的基础上,总结了残疾人服务体系建设的实践经验,分析了制约残疾人服务体系城乡一体化的因素,并提出了解决问题的基本路径。     

残疾人特殊性及其需求分析

近年来,我国残疾人社会保障事业取得了很大的成绩,残疾人社会保障和社会福利水平不断提高,但是我国残疾人社会保障还滞后于整个社会保障事业,残疾人的基本生活状况与健全人的生活水平还存在着较大差距,残疾人社会保障事业还滞后于经济社会的发展。本文认为残疾人社会保障不同于一般意义上的社会保障,只有在充分认识到残疾人特殊性及其需求的基础上,才能探索和建构出适宜残疾人的社会保障模式。     

Disability as the Basis for a Social Movement: Advocacy and the Politics of Definition

Many people with disabilities do not identify themselves as disabled or choose not to be part of a politically active community of disabled persons. This paper discusses both the barriers to the formation of a social movement of disabled people and the ways in which these barriers have been overcome. The role of public policy in the evolution of this movement is discussed, as are the current status and prospects of the disability rights movement.     

Contested Housing Landscapes? Social Inclusion,Deinstitutionalisation and Housing Policy in Australia

Deinstitutionalisation is represented as a major step toward social inclusion through the resettlement of disabled people residing in segregated large‐scale institutions into community‐based homes. By promoting the right to live in ordinary community residential settings, deinstitutionalisation fundamentally changes both the support services and housing arrangements of former institutional residents. In Australia, as in many western countries, debates on community care have tended to focus on the location and nature of non‐housing supports for people leaving dependent care. This focus, however, overlooks the fact that deinstitutionalisation involves a radical rehousing of people in care. This paper explores the character and implications of deinstitutionalisation in Australia as a rehousing process. It is based on a recent national research project that has examined the housing futures of people with intellectual disabilities who have been, or will be, deinstitutionalised. The paper considers the increasingly divergent socio‐political perspectives that have emerged in recent discussions about social inclusion, institutional reform and independent living and their implications for housing and community care policies.     

Violence,Negligence and Suicidal Tendency among Physically Disabled Street Children

This study was carried out among physically disabled street children (PDSC) in the city of Dhaka in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to explore violence, negligence and suicidal tendency among PDSC. To do this, 30 PDSC (15 male and 15 female) were conveniently selected and interviewed with an interview protocol developed by a step‐by‐step process. The results of this study revealed that all the participants experienced physical violence but female children were more likely to experience sexual violence than male children. Violence against disabled children came from both family members or relatives and other people. As with violence, all the participants experienced some sort of negligence, again both from family members or relatives and other people. More importantly, this study found that more than half of the physically disabled children had suicidal tendency to some extent, i.e. some thought of committing suicide at least once in their life, while others attempted to commit suicide due to the sufferings that came with disability. This study concludes with some policy implications, particularly: providing counseling to parents and the disabled children; training of the service providers who provide services to disabled persons; and building awareness through mass media.     

以可行能力视角看待障碍:对现有残障模式的反思与探索

残障研究经历了个人模式-医学模式-社会模式的发展历程,社会模式对残障产生的原因进行了革命性的解释,大大推进了残障人士权益的发展。但上述模式都将关注点放在障碍产生的原因上,而这可能会强化原因与作为影响的障碍之间的固定联系,进而加重刻板印象以及弱势地位等问题;此外,以原因区分障碍的做法并不能准确地反映人们在现实中遭遇的障碍,在认识、分析和处理障碍方面也存在一些困难和缺陷。因此,我们应当尝试将关注点从障碍产生的原因转向障碍本身,以可行能力受限或者受损看待障碍,将原因和障碍真正“解绑”,从而超越“医学模式-社会模式”“社会隔离-社会融合”“优势-劣势”这些不合理的二元对立。基于这样的转变,我们可以为消除障碍找到更加精准、更具有整体性且更加有效的办法。     

发展型社会政策视角下的残疾人福利研究

残疾人是社会中的弱势群体。对残疾人的关爱程度体现着一个社会的文明和发展程度。在党和国家领导人的高度重视下,我国残疾人事业取得了较大的发展。但仍滞后于社会经济发展水平,主要体现在福利水平仍局限在保障残疾人最低限度生活的经济救济上,而对促进残疾人发展的教育和就业扶持不够。笔者从发展型社会政策视角出发对残疾人问题进行较为深入的探讨,提出要建立关爱残疾人的长效机制,鼓励投资于残疾人教育和职业培训的社会支持模式,以试图为残疾人社会问题的解决提供一个崭新的思路和途径。     

What influences BSW students’ attitudes towards cross-border marriage immigrants? The Taiwanese case of female marriage immigrants from China

Unlike existing supply-side employment of persons with disability (PWD) research in Korea, this study focused on demand-side issues. In this study, a qualitative research method was used to explore the perspectives of 20 human resource directors regarding employment of PWD in Korea. Based on the results of this study, the author recommends improving the job skills of people with disabilities, decreasing employer fears about industrial injuries among people with disabilities, reducing tax and social insurance costs for companies employing people with disabilities, setting up workplace accommodations, differentiating employment quota rate of PWD by occupational categories, offering information to companies about people with disabilities who are seeking a job, and stricter implementation of the quota system.     

A Qualitative Exploratory Study on the Service Delivery System for the New Long-Term Care Insurance System in Korea

ABSTRACT

To cope with the rapid growth in its aging population, the Korean government introduced a new social long-term care insurance (LTCI) system for elderly people beginning in July 2008. This study aims to understand how National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) staff and home-visiting service providers experienced and evaluated the new service delivery system. A total of 26 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with NHIC staff primarily responsible for the functional assessment of the elderly and the home-visiting service providers responsible for providing direct services to elderly clients. In summary, interviewees had negative experiences with the new service delivery system such as difficulties in carrying out their roles. The findings suggest that Korea's new LTCI service delivery system faces challenges and that a more active role for the Korean government, especially regarding the introduction of a proper care management system, is needed to address the issues. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed to examine and understand the issues in detail.     

Positive Attitudes Toward Disabled People: Disabled and Nondisabled Persons' Perspectives

This article addresses the differing perceptions that disabled and nondisabled persons may have of what constitutes '"positive" attitudes and behaviors toward people with physical disabilities. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented to suggest that the strain that frequently occurs during interactions between disabled and nondisabled individuals may derive more from misunderstandings of one another's expectations than from negative intentions. Suggestions are made, methodologically, for ways that these areas of misunderstanding can be isolated empirically, and conceptually, for ways that information can be exchanged to correct these misunderstandings.     

Satisfaction with Personal Assistance Services of People with Disabilities in Korea

An essential component for achieving independence in a community setting for people with disabilities is the ability to perform personal care activities with or without assistance. This paper aims to evaluate the level of satisfaction of people who used personal assistance services (PAS) during 2007 in Korea. People's satisfaction was high when they were able to use all of the assigned hours and when they had been assigned enough hours to meet their needs. Therefore, policymakers must try to increase service hours for people with disabilities so that they have enough help from attendants. The more the opinions of people with disabilities were considered in shaping the plan of care, the higher the satisfaction score. To increase the satisfaction, service users' involvement with the program has to be incorporated into the program as much as possible.     

A long life with a particular signature: life course and aging for people with disabilities

What does it mean to live a long life and grow old with disabilities? Or to be an aging parent and still be a caregiver to a disabled adult child? These are questions discussed in this article, the aim of which is to show how a life course perspective adds insight to the lived experience of disability and ageing of adults with disabilities. It is argued that the time concept is fundamental to the understanding of the lives of disabled people. Results are presented which challenge established knowledge regarding disability policies, autonomy, body, biographical disruption and prerequisites of active aging.     

社区照顾在残疾人社会保障中的运用

社区照顾最早产生于英国,自诞生以来,便以其新型的理念与模式日益受到各国学者和政府的重视。社区照顾作为一种专业化的照顾模式,在残疾人社会保障方面具有广阔的发展空间。本文试图将社区照顾的制度安排应用于我国残疾人社会保障事业,并探析我国残疾人社区照顾的模式,以推动我国残疾人社会保障事业向人性化、社会化、专业化方向发展。     

Personal Assistance for Disabled People – The Norwegian Experience

This article presents data from a survey of all disabled people in Norway who receive personal assistance in the municipalities that have been granted subsidies from the state. It concentrates on the following issues: – Who are the users of personal assistance? What distinguishes them from other disabled people? – What dimensions has personal assistance as a service? How has it influenced the total service to the recipients and how is this composed? – How do the users value the service? To what extent does it seem to fulfil the aims of self-dependence and sovereignty for the users? The article concludes that personal assistance seems to be a suitable instrument to reach the goals of full participation and equality of status for disabled people in Norwegian society. The main challenges which personal assistance will meet in the future are the financing of the arrangement and how the principles of user-determination could be implemented and transferred to other services without losing its ideological base.     

武汉市残疾人社区服务的现状、问题及对策研究

残疾人社区服务是残疾人服务体系的重要组成部分。本文从残疾人社区服务的支持系统和服务内容两个方面描述武汉市残疾人社区服务的现状,通过分析发现该市残疾人社区服务存在政府扶持不到位、服务项目有待完善以及服务人员不足等问题,并在此分析基础上提出相关对策,以促进武汉市残疾人社区服务体系的构建。