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1.
Is it legitimate to establish a similarity of situation between migrants, and their descendants, and national minorities in a national territory, whether ethnic, cultural or religious? Both populations seem to be perceived in a comparable way by the majorities in power though they themselves may be plural in their composition. Accordingly some nation states create categories among the population, while others consider the law as universal for all. However, similar attitudes towards the other are developing based on psychological traits and with a socio-economic basis more often than not for political reasons. The ‘amalgam’ towards the Other depends on the meeting spot where real and forged identities meet. In the field there also function various levels of increasing mutual corresponding exclusions/rejections. Political utilitarianism is most clever in exploiting ‘amalgam’ to meet its own rallying views, the most obvious aspect being religious, whether openly developed or not. In spite of the clear danger of connecting worldwide places, a transverse study would enable one to bring into perspective similar phenomena all the more within their linkages.  相似文献   

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Les sociétés civiles polonaise et hongroise sont d’habitude présentées comme des forces non négligeables dans la lutte contre le régime communiste. Cependant, dans les deux pays, les anciennes organisations de masse, certes transformées, jouent aujourd’hui un rôle prépondérant au sein de ces mêmes sociétés civiles. Bien que leur nombre soit limité, elles y occupent une position importante à en juger par leurs moyens financiers, le nombre d’adhérents, de bénévoles et d’employés. Autrement dit, tout comme les partis jadis communistes, ces organisations ont su réussir dans les nouvelles conditions. Comment cela a-t-il été rendu possible et quels moyens leur permettent de rivaliser avec d’autres organisations de la société civile ? Cette question ouvre des pistes intéressantes pour discuter, dans des termes plus généraux, la problématique de la conversion de la nomenklatura communiste en Europe centrale. Sous le régime communiste, le leadership des organisations de masse faisait partie de la nomenklatura. Après 1989, non seulement ces organisations ont-elles bien réussi la période de transition, mais aussi leurs dirigeants ont connu une amélioration de leur situation financière par rapport aux années 1980. Cela permet d’examiner la circulation des anciennes élites de la nomenklatura dans le contexte de la transition postcommuniste.  相似文献   

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Des observations sur la manière dont le droit de l'Union européenne fait place aux instruments destinés à assurer la protection des travailleurs élaborés à l'échelle internationale ou à l'action des organisations internationales pour la protection des droits sociaux, cette contribution tire une typologie destinée à mettre au jour les liens, souvent tenus mais d'une grande diversité, qui rattachent le droit européen au «droit international du travail», au sens large.  相似文献   

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L'étude porte sur l'exercice de la liberté syndicale et du droit de négociation collective dans l'économie des plateformes. Après avoir commenté plusieurs exemples de mobilisation collective des travailleurs des plateformes dans le monde, l'auteur plaide pour l'adoption d'une approche axée sur les droits de l'homme de ces deux garanties, que divers instruments internationaux consacrent, et que de nombreux tribunaux nationaux et internationaux ont utilisées pour justifier leurs décisions. C'est pour lui la seule façon de protéger tous les travailleurs, indépendamment de leur situation au regard de l'emploi, dans un monde du travail en mutation.  相似文献   

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Les auteurs examinent la relation entre risque d'entreprise et déclin de la part du travail en Chine. Partant du modèle d'Holmström et Milgrom (1987), ils montrent qu'un risque d'entreprise moindre motiverait les travailleurs à travailler plus intensément, ce qui augmenterait le produit par tête et le salaire moyen. Toutefois l'augmentation du produit peut faire baisser la part du travail. Une étude empirique, fondée sur la CIED, base de données des entreprises industrielles chinoises, (1998-2007), et sur l'enquête de la Banque mondiale sur le climat de l'investissement (2005), confirme cette hypothèse d'une corrélation positive entre part du travail et risque d'entreprise.  相似文献   

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This study of the changing profession of “counselors of integration and probation” (conseillers d’insertion et de probation, Cip) proposes a sociology of occupational groups that takes into account both statutory and moral considerations. Turning social services in prisons into a “penitentiary service of integration and probation” has involved professionalization, “juridicization” (with a shift from social work to the field of law) as well as a switch from a “compassionate” toward a “repressive” pole of interventions. Based on a survey conducted in prison, this study of work situations and conflicts helps us formulate the problems of ruptures and continuities in relation to both these employees’ individual trajectories and the institutional framework of their actions. This case study of Cip, an occupational group seen herein as a litmus test of what the penal institution does to persons under a court order, enables us to imagine an ethnography of the “state in acts”.  相似文献   

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According to a popular and widespread belief, suicide is a rare phenomenon, if not absent at all, in Muslim societies. It is considered as a sociologically irrelevant because of the cognitive power and efficacy of religion. This idea is reinforced by the upheaval of suicide bombings and terrorism, the clamour of which conceals the phenomenon of civil suicide. This article will explore civil suicide through interviews held in Algeria, in which suicide is described as a more feminine, young and rural phenomena. These three dimensions are marginal in social science studies on ‘Islamic’ suicide, which are mainly centred on a Durkheimian analysis – that is to say an analysis which considers suicide as an essentially urban and male phenomenon, far from gender issues and conformed to dominant regimes of discourse.  相似文献   

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After showing that language and writing are used as basic resources in sociology, this article seeks to identify issues raised by writing in sociology to produce the knowledge expected of this discipline as other social sciences. After considering the status of sociological knowledge and use of language that this knowledge requires, the article seeks to define the rules to be followed by sociologists in order to explain what it means in science. The arguments presented here differ from those developed in some post-modern theories, according to which sociology is after all only a matter of language, and sociologists are authors like novelists. The article is based on considerations developed in particular by Pierre Bourdieu.  相似文献   

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Objective. To assess the catch-up growth of long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool male children who have entered foster residential care and remained 1 year after initial placement.Method. Longitudinal study over a 7-year period (1994–2001). So that a child was eligible for the study, three selection criteria were included: (1) aged between 24 and 48 months at the time of entry into residential facility, (2) having sufffered both long-term (more than 6 months) physically neglected and emotionally abused, and (3) having stayed in foster care for 1 year after initial placement. Weight, height, and head circumference were established upon entry and re-assessed 1 year after initial placement, calculating the annual growth velocity. Results were compared with normal regional longitudinal standards of reference (Z score). Student's t test was used to assess statistically significant differences.Results. During the study perior, 87 children aged between 24 and 48 months (54 male/33 female) were admitted to residential facility after having suffered both long-term physical neglect and emotional abuse. Nevertheless, only 20 children (23 % of the total admissions) met the third selection criteria (having remained 1 year after initial placement). Of these children, all were males and at placement they were between the ages of 30 and 42 months, with an average age of 36 months (1.9 SD). At placement, the analysed parameters were below the normal standards, showing a statistically significant differences for height (Z score - −1.29; p = .008) and weight (Z score = − .75; p = .038). The annual growth velocity for all parameters was above the normal standards showing a statistically significant difference for height (Z score + 1.43; p = .009). One year after initial placement, the significant differences for height (Z score = 68; p = .102) and weight (Z score 31; p = .435) with respect to the normal standards disappeared, though still remained below, showing a significant catch-up growth for height (improvement height Z = +.61 SD).Conclusions. At placement, the both long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool age male children showed a mild form of chronic malnutrition with growth failure was reversible after the first year of stay, which demonstrates that this delay in growth was secondary to nutritional and psychosocial factors. Placement in foster residential care was beneficial for the catch-up growth of these patients.  相似文献   

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Based on the data of a sociological study conducted among three generations of workers of Chantiers de l’Atlantique, this article describes and analyzes, in a dynamic prospect, first, the changes in employment and labor in the shipbuilding industry over the last five decades (1950–2005) and, secondly, the changes in professional socialization and intergenerational relationships at work in the group of the metal-workers. On the basis of the postulate according to which the age and the generation are not sociological data in themselves but result from a singular social construction, our purpose is to show how the mode of production of the three working generations observed is directly related to differences in access to employment on the one hand, and to professional and organizational socialization on the other hand.  相似文献   

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Notre contribution propose une grille d'analyse du régime wallon de l'innovation et des transformations dont il est l'objet. Nous mettons en évidence les dynamiques qui ont émergé en Wallonie entre les stakeholders de l'innovation et le régime existant, autour de la mise en place des pôles de compétitivité. L'originalité de notre article repose sur l'utilisation de concepts comme le “macro-récit” ou le “paysage socio-technique” pour interpréter les dynamiques d'une politique publique d'innovation et appréhender la complexité de l'univers discursif, institutionnel, historique, culturel, social et technologique des acteurs en présence. Notre analyse montre qu'une telle approche est nécessaire en complément à une évaluation d'impact traditionnelle pour mesurer les chances de succès de l'implémentation durable de la politique wallonne des pôles de compétitivité. Nous concluons que le modèle d'innovation qui transparait relève d'une appréhension systémique des modes de production de connaissance, mais reste cloisonné dans une logique instrumentale de l'innovation, insuffisante et peu réflexive, maintenant à distance la société et certains stakeholders de l'innovation.  相似文献   

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De manière similaire aux sciences physiques, la méthode d'expérience de pensée permet d’étudier la validité des théories dans un « contexte limite », où le chercheur manque de données expérimentales. The Wire (sur écoute), série policière ambitieuse des années 2000, peut être vu comme un tel objet d’études riche pour les chercheurs en sciences sociales à la fois comme reflet de la réalité mais aussi comme objet autonome proposant une certaine interprétation des problèmes économiques et sociaux. En tant qu’expérience de pensée de sciences sociales, sa mise en scène provocante de la vie quotidienne d'une coopérative de revente de drogues, la New Day Co-op, interroge les concepts clés des travaux portant sur la coopération, et notamment l'assimilation habituelle entre justice sociale, transformation sociale et démocratie économique. « Matériel empirique » important dans le cadre d'une théorie anti-essentialiste des organisations coopératives, elle est également un appel à la prise en compte d'une démarche réflexive en sciences sociales.  相似文献   

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Women's/gender studies were established in the Eastern European post-communist countries during the 1990s, as a new field of academic research and higher education. Works produced in this framework are often used as expert studies and aim to contribute to the improvement of the condition of women in that region, being at the core of the social and political reconstitution programs during the post-communist era. They were established by agents who were simultaneously active in different social spheres (scientific space, civil society associations, or institutionalized politics) and who exemplarily personify the multisituated feminism of the globalization era. These studies criss-cross national and international levels as well as scientific and militant logics. Hence they seem a pertinent entry to study the reconstruction of social sciences, the emergence of new academic topics, the international circulation and the importation of scientific questions and, finally, the recomposition of the academic elites within the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The article begins with a general point about the East-European context of the 1990s, when the socio-economic degradation of women's condition met a widely-spread rejection of feminist ideas due to their ideological manipulation by the socialist regimes. Then a zoom on the Romanian case allows us a reflection on the construction of the ‘women's issue’ during the post-communist transition, when several types of agents involved in the democratization reforms make theirs the transnational concern for women's rights. Finally, on the basis of these preliminary ideas, some research axes and working hypotheses are presented, such as: the sociology of gender studies as a new academic discipline, in a perspective inspired by the social history of social sciences; the sociology of the international circulation of feminist ideas and of the dynamics of East–West intellectual debates on the topic of women's condition in the post-communist countries; the analysis of the multiplying bureaucratic uses of ‘gender’ consequences.  相似文献   

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