Balinese cultural identity and global tourism: the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park

ABSTRACT

The island of Bali has been inextricably bound up with the tourism industry. This article examines the dynamic Balinese cultural identity and its ever changing relationship with tourism in the age of globalism through the analysis of a case study: the construction of the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park (between 1993–2018), containing an enormous statue of the Hindu God Wisnu mounting the magical bird Garuda. The park and statue can be seen as a new cultural landmark for the Indonesian nation and for the Balinese tourism industry. However, the case study of the park also shows how Bali has changed its role within the Indonesian archipelago since the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 while dealing with new challenges of global tourism. Representations of a Balinese cultural identity have evolved from national, top-down level constructions of ‘cultural tourism’ into a global tourist destination through hosting international events at the park.     

From Solidarity to Fluidarity: Social movements beyond 'collective identity'--the case of globalization conflicts

Over the 1980s 'collective identity' became established as one of the orthodoxies of the sociology of social movements. This paper considers this development, and argues that 'collective identity' does not allow a conceptualization and exploration of critical dimensions of action and identity emerging in contemporary globalization conflicts. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken with Direct Action groups in Australia and the USA, this paper considers (i) the role of affinity groups, (ii) the question of representation, (iii) network culture and fluidarity, and (iv) the narrative structure of action. In the light of these, the paper critiques the 'collective identity' model, while also suggesting limits to the 'personalized commitment' thesis (Lichterman, The Search for Political Community , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) advanced in relation to Green activists. The paper argues in the context of network societies, the analysis of processes of action and identity within contemporary social movements must shift from 'solidarity' to one of 'fluidarity', and from 'collective identity' to one of 'public experience of self'.     

Book reviews

The Significance of Schooling: Life‐Journeys in an African Society. Robert Serpell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 361 pages, $59.95.

Response to Patricia M. Greenfield's Review of The Significance of Schooling: Life‐Journey's in an African Society

Artifical Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines. H. M. Collins. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990. 266 pages, $15.95 (paper).     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China . Penny Kane. New York: Penguin Books, 1987, viii + 264 pages, $7.95.
Establishing Agreement: An Analysis of Proposal-Acceptance Sequences . Hanneke Houtkoop. Dordrecht-Holland: Foris Publications, 1987, 204 pages.
Plant Closings: International Context and Social Costs . Carolyn C. Perrucci, Robert Perrucci, Dena B. Targ, and Harry R. Targ. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988, 193 pages, $38.95 (hardcover); $15.95 (paperback).
Political Theory and Modernity . William E. Connolly. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, 196 pages, hardback.
Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex . William Foote Whyte and Kathleen King Whyte. Ithaca: ILR Press, 1988, 315 pages, paperback.
Speaking of Friendship, Middle-Class Women and Their Friends . Helen Gouldner and Mary Simmons Strong. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987, 185 pages, hardback
The Social Construction of Technological System . Edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987, 405 pp., $35.00.
Judging the Jury . Valerie P. Hans and Neil Vidmar. New York: Plenum Press, 1986, 283 pages, $17.98, hardback.
The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays in Social and Cultural Thory . Donald N. Levine. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, July 15, 1988, 248 pages, $12.95, paperback.
The State and The City . Ted Robert Gurr and Desmond S. King. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987, x + 242 pp, $35.00, hardback, $14.95, paperback.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps , by Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, 196 pages. Cloth, $199.95.
Ideology and Cultural Identity: Modernity and the Third World Presence , by Jorge Larrain. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1994, 190 pages.
Childerley: Nature and Morality in a Country Village , by Michael Mayerfeld Bell. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 279 pages. Cloth.     

Legal indigeneity: knowledge,legal discourse and the construction of indigenous identity in Colombia

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the creation of the indigenous legal subject in Colombia from the perspective of legal-knowledge regimens. It analyses the turn from medical psychiatric assessments to indigenous identity to anthropological discourses on cultural differences. This article describes the legal construction of the indigenous subject in two historical moments. On the one hand, in the context of formation of the nation-state in Colombia and, on the other hand, in the transition towards contemporary multicultural constitutionalism within which legal discourse creates taxonomies for the definition of identities and the recognition of special rights to people who claim to be indigenous.     

Where are the children? Exploring the boundaries between text and context in the study of place and space in four different countries

In this article, we demonstrate how the cultural conceptions of a team of five researchers from different cultural and national backgrounds can be used as a source of knowledge during a collective, self‐reflexive analytical process. While collectively analysing texts describing daily life produced by first‐grade children and their parents in China, Norway, South Africa and the United States, the research team engaged in a collectively negotiated analytical process, which we refer to as an ‘analytic negotiating method’. The strength of this process rests on the ability to examine critically the boundaries between the researcher's contextual conceptions and conceptions derived from the texts. Engaging in this kind of negotiated analytical process contributes to scholarship by working towards a level of self‐reflexivity that makes the link between empirical data and researcher interpretation more transparent and produces a sensitivity to context that allows insights into the conceptions of childhood that operate cross‐culturally.     

The Integration of Tradition and Modernity: A Search for an Urban and Architectural Identity in Arriyadh, The Capital of Saudi Arabia

About 40 years ago, traditional villages, towns and cities of the Arabian Peninsula started to lose their regional characteristics and embody modern forms and shapes. Since then, these characteristics have been subject to dilution due to social and cultural changes as well as institutionalized changes imposed by planning and architectural practices. This process creates debates and clashes between tradition and modernity. Projects carried out since 1975 are the least representative of the regional characteristics but do attempt to have urban and architectural identity. This paper argues that all the actors in “design formulation” (clients, architects, urban designers and planners) are trying to use historic elements in the creation of architectural identities. In fact they are making efforts to create urban and architectural identity to substitute regional characters. These attitudes flourished as a result of dynamic cultural, economic, political and ritualistic influences. This paper highlights the importance of urban and architectural identity in architectural and urban projects in Arriyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia because such projects create precedents for other Saudi villages, towns and cities. The study identifies the forces behind the initiation, transformation and evolution of the urban and architectural identity and attempts to supplement scholarship in the fields of architecture, urban design, and planning with regard to the role of identity as a tool for improving the spatial quality of the built environment. Architectural identity participates in setting up meaningful schemata which influences human behavior as a cultural process. The paper supports the concern for search for historic symbols which may influence the architectural identity and the quality of perceived environment during the design process of new or transformed physical environments. The paper views the traditional part of the city as an amalgamation of history and economic interests and its symbolic importance seems to be a perfect place for the emergence of different forms of engagement between tradition and modernity. The importance of the traditional part is unique while the importance of continuity of tradition is very likely complementary.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Antonio Candido: On Literature and Society, translated, edited, and introduced by Howard S. Becker. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995,198 pages. Paper, $17.95; cloth, $49.50. [A]uthors use the material of social observation and analysis as the basis of the structure of a work more than its content. The most successful works, artistically, are those in which the form exemplifies the nature of the social phenomenon that furnishes the matter of the fiction, (p. xiii) Teaching Sociology with Fiction: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by Su Epstein. Washington DC: ASA Teaching Resources, 1996, 80 pages. Paper, $10.50 members /$14.50 nonmembers. Who Will Care for Us?: Aging and Long-Term Care in Multicultural America, by Ronald J. Angel and Jacqueline L. Angel. New York: New York University Press, 304 pages. Cloth, $29.95. Black elderly report generally poorer health than non-Hispanic Whites, but Mexican Americans rate their health as far worse than either of the other two groups. We suspect that this is, to at least some degree, the result of semantic differences between the English and Spanish versions of the question, (pp. 40, 42) The Golden Age Illusion: Rethinking Postwar Capitalism, by Michael J. Webber and David L. Rigby. New York: Guilford Press, 501 pages. Cloth, $45.00. Modernity and the State: East, West, by Claus Offe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, 270 pages. Paper, $18.00.     

Beyond essentialism: negotiating Alevi identity in urban Turkey

In Turkey, the Alevi cultural ‘revival’ of the 1990s has been followed by a multifaceted identity-formation process that involves conflicting religio-cultural agendas, intersecting discourses and differing politico-ideological affiliations. Lacking a focus, this process continues to trigger an enriching public debate on Alevi identity, which has been coined an ‘enigma’ and is considered to be associated with ‘ambiguity’ and ‘ambivalence’ by many. What lies beneath the veil of ambiguity has to do with the ‘anti-essentialist’ transformation of Alevism, which reaches beyond religious, cultural and political orthodoxies. As a result of diverse political loyalties, contestation of discourses on Alevi culture and identity and the equivocal character of the Alevi subject, the Alevis seem to be resisting essentialism. In urban Turkey, an anti-essentialist discourse potentially influencing Alevism, I argue, enables the Alevi self to act with a sense of reflexivity and to search for ways to avoid political, cultural or religious orthodoxies.     

The making of ‘real men’

This article considers the legacy of Enlightenment and Empire in settler society as a conflict of cultural values,at once a problem of justice and identity. Aotearoa/New Zealand is an exemplary case: the failure of the court system to fully acknowledge that settlement was founded on negotiation with indigenous people threatens to return this society, in constitutional and social terms, to a state of nature. I consider the problem raised by the claims to justice of indigenous Maori through the viewpoint of a major historian, and white New Zealander or Pakeha, J. G. A. Pocock. The progressivism of enlightenment history still evident in his thinking undergirds a view of Maori history as a primitive dreamtime. This misconception belies the refusal of Pakeha to acknowledge the extent to which their own view of history is a product of enlightenment myth-making. The negative British view of Maori in the nineteenth century shows the continuity of racial stereotypes since Captain Cook's encounter. Today, the judicial failure to countenance different cultural values reorients questions of justice. The state of nature returns as the absence of a constitutional framework for negotiating specifically cultural differences. The abstract universalism of liberal justice – Pakeha think justice cannot be culturally inflected – is part of the problem, and fuels Maori grievances. Yet Pakeha are increasingly turning to Maori insignia to establish a sense of national identity. Historical justice and questions of national identity remain inseparable in settler societies. The failure to consider settlement in terms of competing cultural values, evident in the problem of history, creates the conditions for an uncivil society. In this context I question the grounds for regarding acts of indigenous violence as unjustified.     

Cultural Issues in South African EAPs

Cultural identity is at the core of the current sociopolitical changes taking place in South Africa. Similarly, EAP practice is fraught with obstacles that are culturally based, involve language barriers, traditional versus contemporary medicine, and even the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. This articlc examines some of he cultural concerns facing black and white EAP practitioners and clients alike.     

Subject to a new law: historicizing rights and resistance in Maya anti-mining activism

ABSTRACT

Since 2004, the Marlin Mine, located in North-west Guatemala, has produced conflict between Goldcorp, the Guatemalan state and the primarily indigenous Mayan communities affected by the mine. This conflict has generated local anti-mining movements that organized community consultations which, grounded in indigenous rights law and Mayan decision-making practices, allow affected communities to decide whether or not to permit mining in the region. While communities resoundingly rejected open-pit mining, and while this decision received international support, the Marlin Mine continues operations. Drawing on field research and new developments in philosophies of rights, this paper makes two related arguments. First, Mayan anti-mining resistance must be situated within a broader colonial history defined by exploitation and primitive accumulation. Second, Mayan activism challenges current conceptions of the relationship between rights, cultural identity and political agency; most significantly, Mayans do not only claim rights on the basis of identity, they enact and politicize the form in which these rights potentially take place.     

The mobile Internet and digital citizenship in African-American and Latino communities

Smartphone use is transforming the meaning of being online, especially for African-Americans and Latinos. To what extent has this enabled these populations to become digital citizens, able to participate in society online? Internet use is increasingly important for the exercise of the political, economic and social rights that have often been associated with citizenship [Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., &; McNeal, R. S. (2008). Digital citizenship: The Internet, society, and participation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press], and can be measured by the political and economic activities that individuals engage in online. Using unique survey data from a diverse city, we use multilevel analysis and interactions to examine relationships between forms of access and activities online in 2013, controlling for neighborhood context as well as individual characteristics. In contrast with prior work, we find that while broadband access is most strongly associated with political and economic activities online, that mobile is as well. The effects are strongest for African-Americans and Latinos, especially for Latinos who live in heavily Latino neighborhoods – who have lagged behind furthest in Internet use.     

Development of a Culturally Specific Career Exploration Group for Urban Chinese Immigrant Youth

A rapid increase in the number of Chinese immigrants and the specific challenges faced by low‐income Chinese immigrant youth attending urban schools warrant culturally sensitive school‐based interventions and services. However, research and services are limited for this population because of cultural biases in traditional career theories and the “model minority” myth suggesting that Asian students are excelling. The authors developed and implemented a culturally specific career exploration group for low‐income Chinese immigrant youth to address their career concerns with respect to multiple social and cultural factors and to provide social support. Implications for future program development and research are provided.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Working-Class Women in the Academy: Laborers in the Knowledge Factory , edited by Michelle M. Tokarczyk and Elizabeth A. Fay. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993, 321 pages. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $18.95.
My Tears Spoiled My Aim and Other Reflections on Southern Culture , by John Shelton Reed. Columbia, Missouri, and London: University of Missouri Press, 1993, 148 pages. Cloth, $17.95.
Declining Fortunes: The Withering of the American Dream , by Katherine S. Newman. New York: Basic Books, 1993, 257 pages. Cloth, $23.00.
The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory , by Gerald Marwell and Pamela Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 206 pages.
Forgotten Places: Uneven Development in Rural America , edited by Thomas A. Lyson and William A. Falk. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993, 278 pages. Cloth, $35.00; paper, $14.95.
Money Talks: Corporate PACs and Political Influence , by Dan Clawson, Alan Neustadtl, and Denise Scott. New York: Basic Books, 1992, 272 pages. Cloth, $25.00; paper, $13.00.
Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics , by Jurgen Habermas. Translated by Ciaran P. Cronin. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993, 197 pages. Cloth, $24.95.
Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview , by Audrey Smedley. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1993, 340 pages. Cloth, $48.50.     

Technology and institutions: living in a material world

This article addresses the relationship between technology and institutions and asks whether technology itself is an institution. The argument is that social theorists need to attend better to materiality: the world of things and objects of which technical things form an important class. It criticizes the new institutionalism in sociology for its failure to sufficiently open up the black box of technology. Recent work in science and technology studies (S&TS) and in particular the sociology of technology is reviewed as another route into dealing with technology and materiality. The recent ideas in sociology of technology are exemplified with the author’s study of the development of the electronic music synthesizer.

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RURALIZING THE CITY: THE GREAT MIGRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION IN BALTIMORE,MARYLAND

This article examines the discursive and material presence of the “rural” in the “urban,” relating it to the historical and contemporary production of African American culture and identity. By using the case of the Great Migration, it discusses how African Americans negotiated and shaped their urban surroundings and formed individual and collective identities by drawing on their rural, southern histories. It then suggests the relevance of these broad historical processes to contemporary analyses and interventions in the urban environment of Baltimore, Maryland. This article challenges assumptions that obscure the agency of urban residents in the formation of identity and the establishment of community. It demonstrates ways in which the historical movement from rural South to urban North was accompanied by a range of cultural resources that have been adapted, discarded, or reconstructed.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences. Graham Button (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Text in Context: Contributions to Ethnomethodology. Graham Watson and Robert M. Seiler (eds.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992. Shooting Dope: Career Patterns of Hard-Core Heroin Users, by Charles E. Faupel. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991, 220 pages, $27.95, hardcover. Capitalist Development and Democracy, by Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 387 pages, $45.00, hardback, $19.95, paper. What Does the Lord Require? How American Christians Think about Economic Justice, by Stephen Hart. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, 251 pages, $24.95, hardback. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory, by Philomena Essed. Newberry Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991, 322 pages, $44.00, cloth. The Search for Rational Drug Control, by Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 219 pages, $24.95, hardback. Micropolitics of Knowledge: Communication and Indirect Control in Workgroups, by Emmanuel Lazega. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992, 149 pages, $37.95, hardback, $16.95, paperback. Studying Collective Action, Sage Modern Politics Series Volume 30, sponsored by the European Consortium for Political Research/ECPR, edited by Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman. London: Sage, 1992, 263 pages, $60.00, hardback.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reivewed in this article:
The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians' Debate , by Jurgen Habermas. Ed. and trans. by Shierry Weber Nicholsen. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990, 200 pages, $19.95, hardback.
Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender and the Social Order , by Cynthia B. Fuchs Epstein. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988, 300 pages, $25.00, hardback.
Medical Work in America: Essays on Health Care , by Eliot Freidson. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989, 274 pages, $30.00, cloth, $15.95, paper.
Philosophy of Science and Its Discontents , by Steve Fuller. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989, 188 pages, $32.95, hardcover.
Friendship: Developing a Sociological Perspective , by Graham Allan. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989, 174 pages, $16.95, hardback.
The Urban Web: Politics, Policy, and Theory , by Lawrence J.R. Herson and John M. Bolland. Chicago, IL: Nelson Hall Publishers, 1990, 512 pages, $22.95, paper, $29.95, hardback.
The Real Disaster is Above Ground: A Mine Fire and Social Conflict , by J. Stephen Kroll-Smith and Stephen Robert Couch. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1990, 200 pages, $24.00, hardback.
The Power Elite and the State: How Policy is Made in America , by G. William Domhoff. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990, 315 pages, $47.95, hardback, $19.95, paper.
Locality and Inequality: Farm and Industry Structure and Socioeconomic Conditions , by Linda M. Lobao. Albany, NY: The State University of New York Press, 1990, 291 pages, $49.50, hardback, $14.95, paper.