Media exposure,threat processing,and mitigation behaviors in Gulf Coast residents facing the co-occurring threats of COVID-19 and hurricanes

The 2020 hurricane season threatened millions of Americans concurrently grappling with COVID-19. Processes guiding individual-level mitigation for these conceptually distinct threats, one novel and chronic (COVID-19), the other familiar and episodic (hurricanes), are unknown. Theories of health protective behaviors suggest that inputs from external stimuli (e.g., traditional and social media) lead to threat processing, including perceived efficacy (self- and response) and perceived threat (susceptibility and severity), guiding mitigation behavior. We surveyed a representative sample of Florida and Texas residents (N = 1846) between April 14, 2020 and April 27, 2020; many had previous hurricane exposure; all were previously assessed between September 8, 2017 and September 11, 2017. Using preregistered analyses, two generalized structural equation models tested direct and indirect effects of media exposure (traditional media, social media) on self-reported (1) COVID-19 mitigation (handwashing, mask-wearing, social distancing) and (2) hurricane mitigation (preparation behaviors), as mediated through perceived efficacy (self- and response) and perceived threat (susceptibility and severity). Self-efficacy and response efficacy were associated with social distancing (p = .002), handwashing, mask-wearing, and hurricane preparation (ps < 0.001). Perceived susceptibility was positively associated with social distancing (p = 0.017) and hurricane preparation (p < 0.001). Perceived severity was positively associated with social distancing (p < 0.001). Traditional media exhibited indirect effects on COVID-19 mitigation through increased response efficacy (ps < 0.05), and to a lesser extent self-efficacy (p < 0.05), and on hurricane preparation through increased self-efficacy and response efficacy and perceived susceptibility (ps < 0.05). Social media did not exhibit indirect effects on COVID-19 or hurricane mitigation. Communications targeting efficacy and susceptibility may encourage mitigation behavior; research should explore how social media campaigns can more effectively target threat processing, guiding protective actions.     

Leadership skills and the group performance: Situational demands,behavioral requirements,and planning

In recent years, the role of cognitive skills in shaping leader performance has received more attention. In the present study, the role of one key set of skills, planning skills, was examined with respect to leader emergence and group performance in a sample of 55 groups, containing 195 undergraduates, working on a business planning task. Leader planning skills were assessed along with structuring and considerate behavior under conditions where task complexity, group diversity, and turbulence were examined as potential influences on the need for planning and the need for leaders possessing planning skills. It was found that complexity, diversity, and turbulence influenced the quality and originality of group plans, as well as structuring behavior on the part of leaders. Leader structuring behavior interacted with leader planning skills in determining the quality and originality of group plans. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of planning skills in shaping leader emergence and group performance are discussed.     

Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose‐Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate,Rabbit, and Guinea Pig

The application of the exponential model is extended by the inclusion of new nonhuman primate (NHP), rabbit, and guinea pig dose‐lethality data for inhalation anthrax. Because deposition is a critical step in the initiation of inhalation anthrax, inhaled doses may not provide the most accurate cross‐species comparison. For this reason, species‐specific deposition factors were derived to translate inhaled dose to deposited dose. Four NHP, three rabbit, and two guinea pig data sets were utilized. Results from species‐specific pooling analysis suggested all four NHP data sets could be pooled into a single NHP data set, which was also true for the rabbit and guinea pig data sets. The three species‐specific pooled data sets could not be combined into a single generic mammalian data set. For inhaled dose, NHPs were the most sensitive (relative lowest LD₅₀) species and rabbits the least. Improved inhaled LD₅₀s proposed for use in risk assessment are 50,600, 102,600, and 70,800 inhaled spores for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. Lung deposition factors were estimated for each species using published deposition data from Bacillus spore exposures, particle deposition studies, and computer modeling. Deposition was estimated at 22%, 9%, and 30% of the inhaled dose for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. When the inhaled dose was adjusted to reflect deposited dose, the rabbit animal model appears the most sensitive with the guinea pig the least sensitive species.     

金融市场的多分形波动率测度、模型及其SPA检验

提出一种新的金融市场波动率的测度方法--多分形波动率(multifractal Volatilty)测度,并以上证综指在长达8年左右时间内的高频数据样本为例,构造了多分形波动率的ARFIMA动力学模型.同时,运用最近提出的SPA(superior predictive ability)检验法,实证对比了多分形波动率模型与现有的如实现波动率(realized volatility)模型、GARCH模型以及随机波动(stoclaastic volatility,SV)模型对市场波动预测能力的优劣.实证结果显示,在某些损失函数标准下,文中提出的多分形波动率测度及其动力学模型具有比现有其它模型更优的波动率刻画能力和预测精度.     

一价法则、地区价格差异与面板单位根检验

采用1995—2005年中国城市间33类生产资料价格数据来分析中国的产品市场一体化.根据Levin-Lin-Chu面板单位根方法来检验城市间产品价格差异的长期收敛性,得出如下结论:(1)十年间,大多数生产资料在地区间的价格差异越来越小,且各类生产资料在城市间的价格差异程度有所不同;(2)在设定的三类面板模型中,大多数检验都拒绝了面板单位根的假设,即城市间各类产品的价格差异大都是收敛的,且收敛的速度非常快.这说明中国地区间的市场一体化已具备较高水平.     

Supervisory support,social exchange relationships,and sexual harassment consequences: a test of competing models

This article examines the role that the immediate supervisor has in mitigating the negative consequences of sexual harassment experiences when he or she is not the perpetrator of the harassment. We examined a competing mediating/moderating effects model of perceived supervisory support and social exchange relationships on the consequences of perceived sexual harassment experiences. Using survey data gathered from military personnel, we found support for direct effects of both perceived sexual harassment and leadership on individual outcomes but failed to confirm our initial hypothesis of perceived leadership as a moderator. However, we found significant support for a moderating effect when the sample was subgrouped by gender of the leader. We also found partial support for leadership as a mediator of the relationships between sexual harassment and individual outcomes.     

Aligning operations,marketing, and competitive strategies to enhance performance: An empirical test in the retail banking industry

The close linkage between competitive strategy and functional strategic activities is asserted to be a precondition to the achievement of optimal business performance. This study explores how the relationship between (and among) operations, marketing, and competitive strategies affects organizational performance in the banking industry. Our findings show that: (a) competitive strategy moderates the relationship between operations and marketing strategic activities, and organizational performance, (b) certain integrated strategic decisions of operations and marketing functions have a significant impact on organizational performance, and (c) the performance of retail banks within a strategic group differs depending on the quality of the strategic fit.     

Crossvergence and cultural tendencies: A longitudinal test of the Hong Kong,Taiwan and United States banking sectors

Cultural attitudes in two, sometimes assumed similar, regions of Greater China (Hong Kong and Taiwan) were compared and examined within the context of an often assumed, dissimilar region (the United States) for the banking industry during 1985 and 2000. The potentially dynamic nature of national culture, as opposed to a more static approach that is often assumed in management research using a Hofstede framework, is examined. The evidence of relative sample convergence, particularly in relation to collectivism and uncertainty avoidance, along with select, individual region static positions for cultural dimensions provide support for the crossvergence theory [Ralston, D., Holt, D, Terpstra, R., Kai-Cheng, Y., 1997. The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: a study of the U.S., Russia, Japan and China. Journal of International Business Studies 28, 177–207]. Pragmatically the research suggests organizational policies and practices should be updated for maximum effectiveness in relation to crossverging realities and that culture is not static. Academically the research cautions use of approaches that rely on dated rankings for cultural indicators as a basis for current examination since relative cultural positions among regions and nations are also not static.