中国人口规模与年龄结构矛盾分析

本文针对中国人口规模与年龄结构的矛盾 ,对老年人口规模与人口老龄化关系 ,提高目前生育率的结果 ,抚养比的实质内容 ,“四二一”家庭的影响以及如何协调人口总量控制与人口年龄结构调整双方矛盾等问题进行了深入分析 ,明确提出了总量第一、结构第二的观点和论据     

“人口红利”纵横谈

"人口红利"是一个经济学术语,最早由美国哈佛大学教授大卫·布鲁姆与杰佛瑞·威廉森于1998年提出。什么是"人口红利"所谓"人口红利",是指一个国家的劳动年龄人口占总人口比重较大,抚养率比较低,为经济发展创造了有利的人口条件,整个国家的经济呈现高储蓄、高投资和高增长的局面。换句话说,一个国家人口生育率的迅速下降,在形成人口老龄化加速的同时,少儿抚养比亦     

中国人口生育率的下降与人口老龄化

本文提出中国人口老龄化本身并不一定就是问题，伴随着生育率和死亡率的下降而出现的人口老龄化在初期是有利于社会经济发展的；在１９５０～１９９０年的人口年龄构成变动中，生育率下降对人口老龄化的影响远远大于死亡率下降的影响；生育率的下降是中国这一时期人口老龄化的主要影响因素，在低生育率条件下，由于不同队列人口规模的差异和人口惯性的存在，仍然会使中国人口向老龄化发展。     

从抚养比变化看东北地区人口老龄化

人口抚养比是反映社会经济负担的一项重要指标,抚养比的高低主要取决于人口年龄结构的变化,老年人口抚养比是反映地区人口老龄化程度的一项重要指标。东北地区的总抚养比在全国处于较低水平,而这种总抚养比较低的现状是少年儿童抚养比较低造成的,东北地区应避免被较低的抚养比误导,忽视低抚养比下老龄化程度的日益加深,要利用当前的人口机会窗口为未来的深度老龄化时期的到来做好准备。     

人口老龄化机制研究:基于生育率持续下降视角

人口老龄化现象主要通过人口转变理论解释,由于生育率下降不满足经典的人口转变理论设想,人口转变理论对人口老龄化的解释力受到挑战。从制度的角度研究社会养老制度建立以后形成的"社会养老、家庭养子"对生育率的影响,以期解释人口转变结束后生育率持续下降的原因,从生育率下降视角研究人口老龄化机制。研究发现,在"社会养老、家庭养子"制度下,养子收益减少、养子成本提高、家庭养子资源比例减少,使家庭生育率下降,生育率下降导致人口老龄化程度加深;人口老龄化程度加深提高养子成本、降低家庭养子资源比例,由于家庭缺乏养子激励,生育率进一步下降,进而导致更严重的老龄化。老龄化一旦形成,具有不断强化的机制。     

老龄化下的中国未来职工抚养负担的测算与分析

文章通过建立精算模型对中国未来40年的理论抚养比和实际抚养比进行测算和分析.结果发现,虽然中国人口老龄化会使老年人口抚养比逐渐增大,但由于计划生育政策和人们生育观念的变化而导致少儿人口抚养比逐年下降,最终使得社会总抚养比在未来40年里保持稳定,增长幅度不会太大.由此作者认为,中国人口老龄化趋势不会过分加大未来在职职工的抚养负担,从而不会对现有的养老保险制度产生严重冲击.     

人口老龄化与货币政策的关联机制：研究进展及政策启示

文章从推动人口与社会经济协调发展的战略视角出发，对人口老龄化与货币政策相关关系的国际研究进展进行述评，从中探寻人口老龄化与货币政策的双向关联机制，并探讨积极应对人口老龄化、推动人口与社会经济长期均衡发展的政策思路。主要结论有：（1）人口老龄化对货币政策主要目标的实现构成多重挑战：来自供给侧和需求侧的双重冲击使经济稳定增长难度加大；人口抚养比上升导致通货膨胀压力加大；人口老龄化通过削弱财政可持续性等渠道影响金融体系的稳定。（2）对于货币政策的有效性而言，人口老龄化带来的冲击使利率、信贷、风险承担等多个政策传导渠道的有效性均有所削弱。（3）货币政策亦可通过影响生育率和老龄人口收入水平影响老龄化进程，但其综合效应还有待进一步探讨。文章将上述研究进展与中国实际相结合，从稳定经济运行、提升增长潜力和维护人口安全3个角度提出了政策建议。     

中国人口年龄结构特征与变化趋势分析--基于1995～2014年数据的实证研究

人口年龄结构是经过多年人口自然增长和迁移变动等综合作用而形成的客观状况,对未来人口发展的速度和趋势以及国家或地区经济社会整体发展产生重要影响。本文通过对1995～2014年数据的实证分析,发现20年来我国人口年龄结构呈现以下特征：少儿人口数量减少且比重呈持续下降趋势;劳动年龄人口数量稳步增长且比重呈稳定上升趋势;老年人口数量持续增长且比重呈上升趋势,老龄化进程加快。总体人口年龄结构呈现老年型,各地区人口老龄化程度存在差异。各地人口负担系数存在较大差异,人均GDP与总抚养比和少年儿童抚养比呈负相关,与老年人口抚养比呈正相关。经济发达省市区人口负担系数较小;城乡人口比例呈持续升高态势;城乡人口总抚养比和少儿抚养比呈下降趋势,城乡老年人口抚养比呈稳步升高态势;乡村人口抚养比高于城镇。     

我国各省份人口老龄化水平差异的多指标测度——基于2011年31个省份的城镇人口分析

本文在传统的衡量人口老龄化的65岁及以上人口占比和老年抚养比的基础上,先后引入城镇就业人员数量、用于教育和社会保障的财政支出和人均收入等经济变量,使用六个指标分析说明我国31个省份的人口老龄化水平和经济影响,结果发现,仅仅使用老年抚养比和65岁及以上人口占比两个指标容易误导人口老龄化的经济影响和政策选择,而将经济发展水平作为衡量人口老龄化的经济影响的因素加以考虑后,经济发达省份面临的人口老龄化的经济压力要小于经济欠发达省份,本文为分析人口老龄化的经济影响和测度人口老龄化的经济压力提供了一个新的视角。     

浙江省人口老龄化与计划生育关系的研究

浙江省的人口年龄结构已成为典型的老年型人口 ,人口老龄化程度在全国处于领先水平。未来老年人正向中、高龄发展 ,老龄化速度快。老龄化程度在城乡及地区间分布不平衡 ,老龄化超前于社会经济发展水平 ,生育率下降是导致人口老龄化的主要因素。在 1970— 1990年实行计划生育的 2 0年里 ,生育率的迅速下降是人口年龄构成变化的主导因素。对未来人口年龄结构影响最大的是年龄构成的作用并使人口年龄结构老化。生育率降得越低越好是一个观念误区 ,而应把优化人口结构和控制人口总量放在同等重要位置     

Workers, workers’ productivity and the dependency ratio in Germany: analysis with implications for social policy

Retirement is an inevitable rite of passage. Retirees draw income from savings, pensions, and perhaps benefits from state welfare systems. Their economically productive years behind them, older workers become an important component in an interesting social indicator—the dependency ratio, (D _r). The D _r measures not only the social significance the elderly have in society, but also the potential economic burden placed on productive workers. Problems may arise that ratchet up the dependency ratio and create important policy dilemmas. In Germany, a larger and increasing D _r points toward future social problems. The dependency ratio is an aggregate measure that masks a considerable amount of variation. Two issues related to the dependency ratio have not been addressed at length. The dependency ratio is related to the labor force via the denominator; it might be important to recognize that certain segments of the labor force are disproportionately burdened. Identifying those segments of workers can better inform decision makers about what policies to implement in addressing the dilemmas reflected in a high dependency ratio. The dependency ratio is also related to worker productivity—the greater the worker productivity, the less of an issue is the dependency ratio, regardless of its size. At bottom, the issue is whether those in the labor force are able to support the retired population. This paper examines the relationships between workers, productivity, and the dependency ratio. It concludes by providing some policy recommendations.     

The evaluation of China's population policy]

China's population policy has had tremendous effects on the reduction of fertility. The impact of the population policy is manifested in the following aspects. 1) Reducing the size of the total population by 200 million in 17 years. If the population growth rate had remained at its 1970 level of 2.6/1000, the total population would have been 1.28 billion in 1987. 2) The implementation of the population policy accelerated the process of demographic transition. The mortality decline which began in the early 1950s initiated the demographic transition. The Fertility decline began after the birth control policy was implemented and shifted the transition to a low population growth stage even before the socioeconomic conditions which are considered to be the determinants of fertility decline appeared. The fertility decline, in turn, promoted the socioeconomic development of the country. 3) Solving the problem of food; feeding 21.6% of the world's population on 7.1% of the world's farm land is no easy task. The success of population control, no doubt, played an important role in lowering the population growth rate so that the growth of food production could keep pace with the needs of the population. 4) A decline in the dependency ratio is a favorable condition to socioeconomic development. China's dependency ratio of 59.7 is among the lowest in developing countries and is close to the level in developed countries. Therefore, more production output can be used in investment rather than consumption. 5) The fertility decline facilitated a balanced economic growth. The ratio of population growth as compared to the growth of major economic indicators should be considered an important issue in maintaining macroeconomic control. The population policy made it possible for economic growth to surpass population growth.     

Minister Wang Wei on family planning policy and population aging

Mr. Wang Wei, Minister-in-Charge of the State Family Planning Commission, was interviewed by the correspondent of the magazine "Outlook Weekly" on the 16th of last July in Beijing. Mr. Wang Wei said that the aging process of China's population could not be separated from the family planning program which was an important factor leading to China's population aging. He also said that population aging in China would have its limit as any development does. The aging of China's population is the manifestation of the contradiction between the unplanned and planned reproduction of its population. Population aging will disappear as soon as the contradiction is settled. Since the aging of China's population is caused by the decrease of children, one cannot only see the social burden aggravated by the relative increase in elderly population but should also see the social burden alleviated by the decrease in the absolute number of children. Only by doing so can one see the whole picture. The allegation made by some people that the social dependency ratio would increase due to population aging is groundless. Mr. Wang Wei does not agree with the viewpoint that China may relax its policy of family planning to some extent on the ground that population aging causes the decrease in the total social dependency ratio so as to ease the difficulties brought about by the rapid population aging. The basic state policy of striving to quadruple the gross output value of industry and agriculture and to control China's population at about 1.2 billion at the end of the century is the correct policy to solve the problem of population aging in China, and it is also the only alternative.     

Immigration and the dependency ratio of a host population

This paper examines the long-term impact of constant immigration on the dependency ratio in an SI population (a stationary population through constant immigration) in the context of the stable population model. Our analysis has three main findings. First, in SI populations, a younger population (a lower aging ratio) does not necessarily have a lower dependency ratio. An SI population has a lower dependency ratio than a closed stationary population, provided immigration is concentrated around the youngest working age in the host population. Second, under the same condition, selecting high-fertility immigrants increases the dependency ratio. Third, also under the same condition, substituting working-age immigrants with young (dependent) immigrants increases the dependency ratio. Using the United Nations model age structures of immigrants, our empirical illustration confirms these analytical results.     

老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障的影响研究

本文从一个两期的世代交叠模型入手,分析了人口老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障支出的影响。在此基础上运用动态GMM模型对我国2000～2008年地区面板数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明:第一,人均居民储蓄滞后项对基期储蓄的影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均居民储蓄的影响为负,上期老年人口抚养比对居民储蓄并没有显著影响。第二,人均养老保障支出滞后项对当期人均养老保障支出影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均养老保障支出有促进作用,而上期老年人口抚养比抑制了人均养老保障支出的增加。     

Are We Overly Dependent on Conventional Dependency Ratios?

The dependency ratio and its components have had a long and productive life. Here we show that they are no longer the most accurate way of measuring important aspects of population aging. We present ratios related to employment, standardized workers and consumers, health care costs, pension costs, and who is old. These ratios are based either on new data or on new approaches to the study of population aging and are all available on the internet. We compare forecasts of those ratios with forecasts of the dependency ratio, both based on the same UN population data. In all cases, we find that the dependency ratio and the old‐age dependency ratio are poor approximations to the more up‐to‐date ratios. There is little need to use the dependency ratio. More accurate measures are readily available.     

生育政策调整对陕西省人口年龄结构的影响研究

为测定生育政策调整对陕西省人口年龄结构的影响,本文选择四种方案进行模拟分析。结果表明:2010—2080年间陕西省人口年龄结构将面临着劳动人口供给量大幅下降和老年抚养比快速增长两大难题;生育政策的调节方案均能在一定程度上缓解上述两大问题的问题;其中从现在起实行"父母中一方是独生子女的家庭可生育两个孩子"的调节效果最佳。     

河南省农村人口年龄结构对消费影响的实证分析

本文利用1987～2008年年度资料对河南省农村人口年龄结构影响农村居民消费的情况进行分析,发现少儿抚养系数、老年抚养系数与消费存在长期协整关系,并且少儿抚养系数对农村居民消费有显著的正影响,老年抚养系数对消费的影响不显著。因此,提出通过加大农村教育投入、完善农村养老保障、细分市场来应对人口年龄结构变化对消费的影响。