组织创新的动力与创新模式研究

21 世纪是新经济时代、信息化时代、网络交易时代和人工智能时代,这一切正在极大地影响着企业的组织结构和生产经营模式,组织要适应这一变化就必须在生产经营管理等方面做出相应的调整,不断地进行创新,而企业组织创新是企业创新中的重点.从组织形式的角度分析了企业组织创新的内部动力源和外部动力源,围绕组织创新的模式进行深入的探讨,提出了组织创新的三种模式,即分阶段组织创新模式、适应性组织创新模式和分模块组织创新模式.     

浅析中小企业的集群效应

当前的世界经济发展正在演绎着一个有趣的空间模式。一方面,受益于信息技术和交通系统的飞速发展,资本、商品、信息和技术的跨国流通前所未有的方便,由此人们大胆地预言着经济全球化时代的到来;另一方面,却看到区域在世界经济增长中的作用非但没有削弱,反而比传统时代更为显著了,企业集群即同一产业领域内相互联系的众多企业因空间集聚而形成的一种企业组织形态的兴旺深刻地表明了这一点。     

企业经营管理对经济稳定发展的影响

当今社会是一个经济快速发展的时代,而企业的发展能够能够促进企业经济的迅速发展,还能带动国家经济的稳定发展。而一个企业能否得到快速发展,则取决于决策者对企业的经营管理模式。因此,企业的整个管理是相互联系且相互承接,而本文从对企业的经营管理模式入手,重点分析了企业经营管理是对经济的稳定发展产生的影响。     

SNS在互联网品牌社区中的应用探讨

现代社会是一个信息经济时代、网络经济时代、体验经济时代.对企业而言,兵显署特点是营销环境设化快,顾客的需求模式日趋多元化.WEB2.0时代SNS的推广可以使品牌社区能更好地满足消费者对产品功能以外的情感需求,从而成为企业塑造品脾竞争优势的重要手段.     

未来企业领导所必备的八种能力

从传统的管理视角看,企业领导需具有组织、领导、协调、沟通和控制等能力.随着经济全球化时代的到来,多元化需求的市场愈发变得硝烟弥漫,在这充满竞争的时代,企业领导究竟具有什么样的能力结构才能在未来竞争中获胜?笔者在这里结合自身为企业做人力资源规划课题的体会,以及对不同企业老总进行访谈的心得,提出未来企业领导所必备的有别于传统要求的八种能力.     

数字经济背景下财务管理模式优化创新研究

数字经济时代,数字信息技术正深刻影响包括企业经营管理在内的社会经济活动,企业数字化转型势在必行。财务管理作为企业经营管理的核心环节之一,是实现企业数字化转型的重要突破口,但现有财务管理模式存在诸多局限,急需优化创新以适应数字经济发展新要求。基于此,文章在分析数字经济对企业现有财务管理模式影响的基础上,提出了财务管理模式优化创新的有效路径,为数字经济背景下企业财务管理建设提供有益借鉴。     

试论民营企业发展创新

哈佛大学教授迈克尔·波特在自己的著作《竞争优势》一书中阐释了企业创新在企业竞争中的重要地位。企业要想长盛不衰,必须不断创新。在后金融危机时代和国内经济结构调整与发展方式转变背景下,我国民营企业的持续健康发展面临严峻挑战,亟需对企业组织模式、经营战略、发展模式、产业结构等方面进行创新。民营企业只有通过转变经营理念,建立现代企业制度,重塑现代企业文化,加快技术创新,不断完善人才机制和实施“走出去”战略等,才能持续健康发展。     

数字经济时代企业经营管理创新策略研究

数字经济指的是以数字化带动的经济增长模式,这也是互联网技术与经济发展相互融合的产物。在数字经济时代,经济发展已经摆脱传统的以门店为核心的模式,而是将网络平台作为依托,这给企业的经营管理创新带来了新的机遇。企业在经营管理过程中所涉及的生产资料、生产关系以及劳动工具都与数据有着密切的关联,数字经济的发展可以促进企业生产流程重构,实现上下游价值链的变革,给企业带来更多的经济效益,同时促进经济转型与发展。基于此,文章运用文献分析法、归纳总结法,探究数字经济时代企业的经营管理创新策略,希望为企业管理者提供参考与借鉴。     

低碳经济时代石油企业经济战略转型探析

摘 要：企业的低碳发展主要指的是以战略转型为依托改变企业发展模式，利用科学技术手段来增加能源使用效率，并且要开发高科技的清洁能源技术，重整企业产业机构时期向可持续发展战略模式转变。本文针对低碳经济时代石油企业经济战略转型进行了简要的分析。     

集权与分权：国有企业组织结构形态选择

内部控制方式与组织架构变化,是国有企业改善企业应变能力的一个关键过程,而一个设计良好的组织架构形态有助于国有企业应对所处环境的重大变化,实现自身战略目标,从而提高外部竞争力,提高技术开发水平,提升人员素质以及企业经营效率。为适应发展需求,企业会根据自身的发展阶段、领导模式、发展战略、企业文化、行业特性等选择合适的管控模式,并相应调整组织结构。本文探讨国有企业总部对下属企业（公司）的管控,从不同发展情况和条件管控模式的选择出发,阐述典型组织结构形式,以案例形式研究不同管控模式、不同发展阶段下国有企业组织结构形态的选择,为国有企业进一步改革发展提供参考。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.