专利保护下再制造闭环供应链协调机制研究

受专利保护的原制造商享有产品再制造的专有权利,只有获得原制造商的专利许可,第三方再制造商才能进行专利产品的回收再制造.针对再制造知识产权保护在管理研究中的不足,本文建立了受专利保护的原制造商许可第三方再制造的闭环供应链模型,利用博弈理论讨论了分散与集中情况下节点企业的最优决策.同时,分析了专利许可对旧产品回收再制造的影...     

Changing risk preferences in supply chain inventory decisions

The risk preferences of managers may cause their inventory ordering decisions to deviate from the optimal policy. Past studies in operations management have produced mixed results. This study examines this proposition using decision data collected from a supply chain experiment. This article finds that changing the risk preferences of managers with respect to demand changes and supplier failures is a significant behavioural factor in explaining deviations in ordering decisions. This result provides an additional behavioural cause in explaining the bullwhip effect in supply chains. It also provides insights on the challenges for reducing the bullwhip effect in supply chains.     

Fresh-product supply chain management with logistics outsourcing

We consider a supply chain in which a producer supplies a fresh product, through a third-party logistics (3PL) provider, to a distant market where a distributor purchases and sells it to end customers. The product is perishable, both the quantity and quality of which may deteriorate during the process of transportation. The market demand is random, sensitive to the selling price as well as the freshness of the product. We derive the optimal decisions for the three supply chain members, including the 3PL provider's transportation fee, the producer's shipping quantity and wholesale price, and the distributor's purchasing quantity and retail price. We find that the presence of the 3PL provider in the supply chain has a significant impact on its performance. We propose an incentive scheme to coordinate the supply chain. The scheme consists of two contracts, including a wholesale-market clearance (WMC) contract between the producer and the distributor, and a wholesale-price-discount sharing (WDS) contract between the producer and the 3PL provider. We show that the proposed contracts can eliminate the two sources of “double marginalization” that exist in the three-tier supply chain, and induce the three parties to act in a coordinated way.     

具竞争零售商的再制造闭环供应链模型研究

在制造商领导、零售商领导以及市场无领导者3种力量结构下建立了具竞争零售商的再制造闭环供应链博弈模型,研究和对比了不同力量结构对回收率、零售价、渠道成员利润、渠道总利润的影响.研究结果表明:回收率在市场无领导者时最高,在零售商领导时最低.零售价在制造商领导时最高,最小是市场无领导者结构.从环保、消费者利益和整个行业的利润来看.无领导者的市场结构最优.然而,制造商和零售商均有动机成为领导者.在具领导者的市场结构下,从环保的角度看,制造商领导的市场结构更优,但消费者和整个行业偏好零售商领导的市场结构.     

An arborescent inventory model in a supply chain system

This study develops an arborescent (tree-like) inventory model with a constant demand rate. By considering the integration of the producer, distributors and retailers, a mathematical model and an economic ordering policy are developed. It can be shown that the integrated approach results in an impressive cost-reduction compared with an independent decision by the partial party. A numerical example of an arborescent inventory system is attached to demonstrate the economic ordering policy with the help of mathematical software - Maple V.     

Quantifying the effectiveness of VMI and integrated inventory management in a supply chain with uncertain lead-times and uncertain demands

This article considers the inventory management problem in a supply chain with uncertain replenishment lead-times and uncertain demands. The optimal integrated inventory management (IIM) policy is developed using stochastic dynamic programming theory. The IIM policy is contrasted with two pull-type vendor-managed inventory policies (VMI-1 and VMI-2) and a traditional retailer-managed inventory policy (RMI). Computational results show that in such stochastic supply chains, IIM performs about 23, 15, and 3% better than the optimised RMI, VMI-1 and VMI-2 policies, respectively, while two VMI policies are about 8 and 20% better than the best RMI. The basestock-based VMI-2 is a very good form of VMI. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the replenishment lead-times have the largest effect on the relative performance between IIM and other policies. Numerical examples demonstrated that the IIM policy has good structural properties and can be characterised by a set of switching curves.     

供应链库存协调与优化模型研究

传统的库存管理主要把注意力放在企业内部的库存控制,不注重供应链的协调与合作. 这种局部优化的管理模式导致供应链物流不畅,成本增加,企业及其供应链缺乏竞争力. 供应 链的协调与合作成为改善供应链绩效,增强企业竞争力的重要手段. 在需求和供应都不确定的 情形下,通过模型研究对两阶供应链的库存协调及其价值作了一些有益的探讨. 引入了有效库 存水平的概念,以反映上游缺货对下游库存的影响,构造了定期检查补货模式下的供需双方库 存模型,对安全因子进行整体优化,降低供应链库存成本. 同时,也介绍了安全因子整体优化的 实现机制,并对整体优化的价值作了敏感性分析     

不对称信息下供应链线性分成制契约设计研究

成员间收益的合理分配是供应链高效协调运作的关键因素之一.针对一个道德风险和逆向选择问题并存的二级供应链系统,结合stackelberg博弈模型和激励机制理论,分别研究了不对称信息为离散类型和连续类型情况下的线性分成制契约设计过程.比较了线性分离契约和线性混同契约的有效性,分析了各种相关因素对契约的影响,提出了不对称信息为连续类型情况下的次优契约是线性分离契约的前提条件,并通过数值仿真讨论了各种参数变化对委托方期望收益的影响.所得结论对供应链的运营实践有着很好的参考价值和指导意义.     

VMI下的两级供应链库存决策模型研究

在季节性商品销售环境下,考虑由一个供应商和两个零售商所组成的两级供应链模型.引入 VMI 运行机制,讨论供应商的最优库存决策.传统上,供应商总是在销售季节开始前确定各个零售商处的库存量,而不会对两个零售商处的库存进行调节.研究当供应商有能力在销售季节开始之初对两个零售商处的库存进行调节时其最优决策将发生的变化.文章进一步讨论了库存转运对零售商以及供应链整体性能所带来的影响.分析了单位转运价格等参数变动对最优解的影响.用一个算例对结论进行了说明.     

Vertical cost information sharing in a supply chain with value-adding retailers

We consider a supply chain consisting of one supplier and two value-adding heterogeneous retailers. Each retailer has full knowledge about his own value-added cost structure that is unknown to the supplier and the other retailer. Assuming there is no horizontal information sharing between two retailers, we model the supply chain with a three-stage game-theoretic framework. In the first stage each retailer decides if he is willing to vertically disclose his private cost information to the supplier. In the second stage, given the information he has about the retailers, the supplier announces the wholesale price to the retailers. In response to the wholesale price, in the third stage, the retailers optimize their own retail prices and the values added to the product, respectively. Under certain conditions, we prove the existence of equilibrium prices and added values. Furthermore, we obtain the condition under which both retailers are unwilling to vertically share their private information with the supplier, as well as the conditions under which both retailers have incentives to reveal their cost information to the supplier, thus leading to a win–win situation for the whole supply chain.     

Sharing inventory risk in supply chain: The implication of financial constraint

A supply chain may operate under either preorder mode, consignment mode or the combination of these two modes. Under preorder, the retailer procures before the sale and takes full inventory risk during the sale, while under consignment, the retailer sells the product for the supplier with the supplier taking the inventory risk. The combination mode shares the risk in the supply chain. The existing research has examined the supply chain modes from various operational aspects. However, the impact of financial constraint is neglected. This paper examines the impact of financial constraint and investigates the supply chain efficiency under each mode. Based on a Stackelberg game with the supplier being the leader, we show that without financial constraint the supplier always prefers the consignment mode, taking full inventory risk. Whereas, in the presence of financial constraint, the supplier will sell part of the inventory to the retailer through preorder, which shares the inventory risk in the supply chain. We show that with financial constraint, the combination mode is the most efficient mode even if the retailer earns zero internal capital.     

基于时变需求的一对一供应链库存决策研究

随着竞争日趋激烈,需求变化节奏加快,需求时变性越加明显.在需求时变的环境下探讨了等周期补货情形下缺货时点优化以及非等周期补货情形下缺货时点与补货时点优化问题,特别着重研究了补货时点局部优化与整体优化的决策模型,并对非等周期补货与等周期补货、补货时点整体优化与补货时点局部优化作对比分析,并发现,在时变需求环境下非等周期补货与补货时点整体优化在降低库存成本方面具有明显优势.同时,分析了补货时点优化的效果与供需双方补货次数、需求时变性的关系.     

Sharing shipment quantity information in the supply chain

This paper evaluates the benefit of a strategy of sharing shipment information, where one stage in a supply chain shares shipment quantity information with its immediate downstream customers—a practice also known as advanced shipping notice. Under a periodic review inventory policy, one supply-chain member places an order on its supplier every period. However, due to supplier's imperfect service, the supplier cannot always exactly satisfy what the customer orders on time. In particular, shipment quantities arriving at the customer, after a given lead-time, may be less (possibly more) than what the customer expects—we define this phenomenon as shipment quantity uncertainty. Where shipment quantity information is not shared with customers, the only way to respond is through safety stock. However, if the supplier shares such information, i.e. customers are informed every period of the shipment quantity dispatched, the customer may have enough time to adapt and resolve this uncertainty by adjusting its future order decisions. Our results indicate that in most circumstances this strategy, enabled by information technologies, helps supply-chain members resolve shipment quantity uncertainty well. This study provides an approach to quantify the value of shared shipment information and to help supply-chain members evaluate the cost-benefit trade-off during information system construction. Numerical examples are provided to indicate the impact of demand/shipment parameters on strategy implementation. While previous studies mainly focus on the information receiver's perspective, we evaluate a more general three-tier linear supply chain model via simulation, studying how this strategy affects the whole supply chain: the information sender, the information receiver and the subsequent downstream tier.     

Improving supply chain performance through management capabilities

This editorial piece introduces the novelty of the special issue call for papers and lists the various topics suggested in the call for papers. The summary of accepted review papers is presented in terms of novelty, findings and limitations. The review papers are classified as per supply chain management capability model, and finally, the editorial piece opens up further research directions to academics and practitioners.     

线性库存管理策略下供应链中需求传播过程

将库存管理策略划分为线性和非线性两大类,研究了在线性库存管理策略(简称 LIMP策略)下,需求在供应链中的传播过程.提出了 LIMP 策略的概念,给出了其可行性条件,列举了3种常用的 LIMP 策略.假设市场需求服从自回归滑动平均(ARMA)时间序列,供应链在LIMP 策略下运作,证明了各级企业的需求将也是 ARMA 序列,但结构不同.然后分析了 LIMP策略与牛鞭效应的关系,为设计供应链环境下的最优库存管理策略提供了指导。最后用数值实验模拟了3种 LIMP 策略下 AR(2)需求的传播过程,并进行了比较.     

Closed-loop supply chain configuration for new and reconditioned products: An integrated optimization model

Closed-Loop Supply Chain Management (CLSCM) is considered as a strategic response to the call for corporate sustainability while further expanding the scope of value creation to include product reconstruction. The Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) performance is directly related to the CLSC network design. The CLSC network design, with long-term and strategic connotations, involves selection of an integrated network of partner organizations to be engaged on one hand in the forward supply chain processes relevant to families of existing and new products and also involved in reverse supply chain activities relevant to reconstruction of the returned products. At the tactical level, Closed-Loop Supply Chain Configuration (CLSCC) attempts to address issues pertinent to launch of a new product and its reconstruction. The CLSC network design is well studied in the current literature, but addressing the CLSCC is neglected. To study the CLSCC problem we: (a) develop an integrated optimization model for problem; (b) present a real-world case study of a battery manufacturer; (c) based on the case study, we conduct a comprehensive set of computational experiments followed by a series of what-if analyses to compare profitability of the Forward Supply Chain Configuration (FSCC) versus the CLSCC; and (c) discuss the key observations and managerial implications drawn from the computational experiments, applicable to other real-world instances. The significant outcomes of the study suggest that: (i) performance of the firm׳s base case integrated CLSCC model is significantly better than the current supply chain model (ii) the sales-price ratio of new battery is found to be negatively related with the maximum acquiring price of used batteries; (iii) combination of sales price ratios of new and reconditioned batteries determines the total net profit for a given return rate. Finally, important managerial insights and scope for future research are discussed.     

长期合作期望下的供应链非对称信息甄别研究

首先构建了一次交易供应链协调问题中基于一般性假设下非对称信息甄别的供应链次最优(Second-best)协调模型,论证了系统最优协调不可得,之后将供应链一次交易关系拓展至长期合作关系,提出了关于供应链协调问题的"长期合作期望"这一研究立足点,在此基础上通过考察两类具体子问题,揭示了长期合作背景下供应链上下游企业之间的重复主从博弈对信息非对称时的供应链协调问题的影响:若代理人(零售商)私有信息具有跨期关联、且事后不可验证,则将造成信息甄别的棘轮效应;若私有信息在事后有可能被识别,则在委托人(制造商)的触发战略(Trigger Strategy)激励下供应链Pareto最优协调能否达到取决于事后被识别的概率、零售商的信息租金、对称信息下自身的收益以及无伙伴关系时的保留效用之间的数量关系.论文给出了上述各个结论相应的定量分析与描述.     

Product universality and design for supply chain management

We describe our experience of developing models in which the principles of design for supply chain management (DFCM) have been implemented for new product development at Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). This experience arises from the development of a new product that is scheduled to be released in 1995. A key design decision faced by the product development team was whether to use a universal module or regionally dedicated modules to satisfy global market requirements. We describe a wide range of factors—including manufacturing and logistics costs—that could be used to support the design decision; these factors associated with product and process design contribute to tolal supply chain costs. We review the analytical model used to evaluate the cost and service implications of the two design alternatives. Finally, we discuss qualitative considerations that might influence the eventual decisions as well as the lessons learned from this real world experience.     

供应链风险管理中的几个重要问题

供应链风险管理是供应链管理领域一个新的热点研究方向,吸引了来自于运作管理、财务管理和战略管理等领域的研究人员和企业管理人员的极大关注.文章对有关供应链风险管理定量分析的一些主要工作进行评述,并讨论这一领域的几个重要研究方向,希望引起国内学术界的重视.     

基于交货期库存协调的供应链转移定价研究

在将缺货成本和延期惩罚成本纳入决策模型的前提下,对供应商—制造商两阶供应链在转移定价、安全库存,以及总成本之间的相互作用进行了探讨:首先探讨基于 Stackelberg 收益共享定价机制的最优决策;然后,以一体化供应链为参照系,探讨对供应链各成员的行为进行优化的两部制(two-part scheme)收益共享转移定价决策在实践中的运用;最后,探讨模型中部分变量变化对最优决策所产生的影响.通过分析发现,承诺的交货期、延期惩罚成本与缺货成本将会影响供应链的总成本和转移定价决策,进而影响供应商的最优库存决策,而制造商则可以通过适当的激励机制设计,激励供应商按照供应链整体最优的方式进行转移定价、安全库存及相关决策.