Bringing the Firms into Globalization Research: The Effects of Foreign Investment and Exports on Wages in Mexican Manufacturing Firms

Researchers specializing in organizations and labor markets have paid insufficient attention to the effects that foreign ownership of a firm and its orientation towards export production may have on the wages it pays to its workers. Using information from a nationally-representative sample of manufacturing firms in Mexico, a paradigmatic case of a developing country that is highly integrated into world markets, we find that foreign-owned and export-oriented firms pay considerably more than nationally-owned firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in the domestic market. Second, beyond paying higher wages to their workers, foreign-owned firms also raise the wages paid by domestic firms operating in the same regional labor markets. The wage premium in foreign and export-oriented firms cannot be explained by their size, industry, geographical location, productivity, use of advanced technology, or the sociodemographic composition of their workforce. We find evidence that wages in foreign-owned companies in Mexico are dependent on the country of origin of the capital investment. A greater difference between the industry-specific wages paid in the country of ownership and Mexico is associated with a higher wage premium in Mexican affiliates. Future work should strive to link information from foreign-owned affiliates with their parent companies abroad.     

Intermediate peer contexts and educational outcomes: Do the friends of students' friends matter?

Sociologists of education have long been interested in the effects of peer relations on educational outcomes. Recent theory and research on adolescence suggest that peers on the boundaries of students' friendship networks may play an important role in shaping behaviors and educational outcomes. In this study, we examine the importance of a key “intermediate peer context” for students' outcomes: the friends of a student's friends. Our findings indicate both friends' and friends' friends' characteristics independently predict students' college expectations and their risk of dropping out of high school (although only friends' characteristics predict GPA). Our models suggest the magnitude of students' friends-of-friends’ characteristics are at least as large their friends' characteristics. Together, the association between the peer context and students outcomes is considerably larger when accounting for both the characteristics of students' friends and the friends of their friends.     

Diversity begets diversity? The effects of board composition on the appointment and success of women CEOs

Previous research on the effects of leadership diversity on firm outcomes has produced inconsistent and inconclusive findings. While some scholars argue that diversity increases organizational equity and enhances performance, others argue that diversity increases conflict, reduces cooperation and harms performance. This study tests the impact of a variety of compositional factors on firm outcomes. Specifically, we analyze whether and how board composition affects the advancement and mobility of women CEOs and firm performance. Our analysis relies on a unique data set of all Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Board of Directors (BODs) in Fortune 500 companies over a ten-year period. We find a marginally significant positive relationship between board diversity and the likelihood of a woman being appointed CEO. We further find that board diversity significantly and positively influences the post-promotion success of women CEOs. Our findings suggest that board composition is critical for the appointment and success of women CEOs, and increasing board diversity should be central to any organizational diversity efforts.     

Extracurricular associations and college enrollment

There is consistent evidence that student involvement in extracurricular activities (EAs) is associated with numerous academic benefits, yet understanding how peer associations within EAs might influence this link is not well understood. Using Add Health’s comprehensive data on EA participation across 80 schools in the United States, we develop a novel measure of peer associations within EA activities. We find that EA participation with high achieving peers has a nontrivial link to college enrollment, even after considering individual, peer, and school-level factors. This suggests that school policies aimed at encouraging student exposure to high achieving peers in EAs could have an important impact on a student’s later educational outcomes.     

高校执行文化及其形成路径与方法研究

高校文化是高校的灵魂,是现代高校之间竞争的核心.高校执行文化是高校文化的核心,引导、促进并决定着高校文化的形成与传承.现如今,国内高校对执行文化的培育工作不够重视,执行角色定位不够明晰、执行体系不够健全以及缺乏一致的文化认同等现象仍然存在.高校应当认真谋划,不断创新执行机制,培养优秀执行理念,营造坚决有力的执行氛围,以有效提升执行力和综合竞争力.     

长期变迁视角下中国证券业的市场结构和绩效研究

本文以产业组织理论为基础,从长期演化变迁的角度对中国证券业市场结构的变化进行了动态的历史性分析,并对证券业的市场结构与绩效之间的相关性作了全面的检验。我们的发现主要有:1.整个行业正处于由低集中产业向准中寡占产业过渡的阶段,市场集中度尚有较大的提升空间;2.已经初步形成一批具有相对竞争优势、占市场主导地位的综合性大券商;3.时间序列模型和截面回归模型的检验结果表明,证券公司的盈利水平与业务集中度并无显著的相关关系,但与股票市场走势正相关。     

海外跨国创业企业网络嵌入研究简

近些年来,海外人才归国创业促进了我国经济发展和产业转型升级,海外人才跨国创业具有双重网络嵌入的特征,即技术网络嵌入和市场网络嵌入。同时。创业网络是动态变化,处于不同发展阶段的海外跨国企业．不同性质的创业网络对新企业绩效的影响具有显著差异性。创业阶段主要划分为创建期和成长期：在创建期。海外市场网络对跨国新创企业绩效影响显著,海外技术网络对跨国新创企业绩效影响不显著,而在成长期,海外技术网络对跨国新创企业绩效影响显著,海外市场网络对新创企业绩效影响不显著。海外跨国创业企业需要分阶段利用特定的网络整合优势资源．推动自身成长．而地方政府应当有针对性地引导和扶持跨国创业企业建立和维持海外网络。促进跨国创业企业和地方经济的持续健康良性发展。     

Social interactions and college enrollment: A combined school fixed effects/instrumental variables approach

This paper provides some of the first evidence of peer effects in college enrollment decisions. There are several empirical challenges in assessing the influences of peers in this context, including the endogeneity of high school, shared group-level unobservables, and identifying policy-relevant parameters of social interactions models. This paper addresses these issues by using an instrumental variables/fixed effects approach that compares students in the same school but different grade-levels who are thus exposed to different sets of classmates. In particular, plausibly exogenous variation in peers’ parents’ college expectations are used as an instrument for peers’ college choices. Preferred specifications indicate that increasing a student’s exposure to college-going peers by ten percentage points is predicted to raise the student’s probability of enrolling in college by 4 percentage points. This effect is roughly half the magnitude of growing up in a household with married parents (vs. an unmarried household).     

农村留守儿童社会化困境与学校教育对策——对浙南R市的调查与实践

对浙南R市的调研发现,家庭教育功能退化、同辈群体影响具有"双面性"、学校教育乏力是导致农村留守儿童社会化困境的主要原因。学校层面的对策是在开展对留守儿童的直接教育之外,拓展教育领域,对留守儿童家庭教育进行功能补偿,同时积极引导留守儿童同辈群体的文化走向,发挥学校在农村留守儿童社会化中的有力主体与主要行动空间作用。     

企业社会资本及其对企业绩效的影响分析

企业社会资本是反映企业社会关系特征的一种资源。它可以使企业在内外部的社会关系网络中获得更多的竞争优势,从而对企业绩效产生影响。文章探讨了企业社会资本的构成和内涵,并就企业社会资本对企业绩效的影响进行了分析。     

基于生态足迹的生态税费机制探讨

生态补偿资金的稳定来源,是生态补偿机制能否建立的核心和关键。本文通过研究当前我国财税政策和生态足迹的成果,提出了基于生态足迹的生态税费机制,通过核算不同行业和区域的生物性消费和能源消费产生的生态足迹确定生态税费,通过税收方式,建立生态赤字地区和行业补偿向生态盈余地区和行业补偿的机制,通过收费方式,直接享受生态服务的企业和个人,向提供生态服务的区域和个人缴纳生态服务费。     

ASMEC-O:一个基于主体的开放经济模型

为了分析国际贸易对一个国家宏观经济的影响 ,我们提供了一个基于主体的开放经济模型———ASMEC -O。模型由两个独立的国家组成 ,并通过外汇主体联系在一起。每个国家都由多个家庭、多个企业和一个政府组成 ,他们通过产品市场和劳动力市场相互作用。家庭依据收入和价格进行消费 ;企业依据库存量和销售量制定生产策略 ,依据利润、销售量和价格制定销售决策 ;政府通过税收和支付社会保障金来维持经济的平等。通过国际贸易 ,两国的产品可以相互流动。外汇主体可以将一国货币转换成另一国货币 ,并调整汇率的大小来反映资金的波动。政府可以通过制定关税控制进口产品的数量。在模型的运行过程中 ,家庭可以应用遗传算法进化其劳动生产率 ,企业可以应用分类器系统完善其定价策略。实验结果表明 :发展中国家通过适当地制定关税 ,经济可以达到较高的增长速度 ,平均失业率逐步下降 ,汇率趋于稳定。     

Disaggregating the effect on profits in manufacturing industries of having imperfectly competitive consumers and suppliers

Casting the American economy as a network of economic exchange relations between firms in sectors, industries are those sectors engaged in manufacturing and are here analyzed as network positions. The structure of an industry's dollar transactions with suppliers is demonstrated to affect industry profits in a manner distinct from that in which its structure of transactions with consumers affects profits. For the 335 four-digit SIC manufacturing industries corresponding to unique sectors of the 1967 Input-Output Study, price-cost margins corrected for interindustry differences in capital requirements are regressed over four-firm concentration ratios and various structural indicators of imperfect competition among suppliers versus consumers. The structural indicators are computed from dollar flow coefficients among 492 sectors of the 1967 Input-Output Study. Only one type of product flows from an industry to its consumers, who have no trouble seeing the value of collusion despite the multiple sectors in which their own products are sold; however, products from different sectors may flow to the industry without creating the competition among suppliers that prompts collusion. Industry profits are constrained by suppliers to the extent that firms in the industry purchase supplies from few separate sectors as product markets. In contrast, industry profits are constrained by consumers to the extent that firms in the industry sell to a small number of oligopolistic sectors.     

河南上市公司高管薪酬与经营绩效相关性分析

河南上市公司高管的薪酬,主要与其公司的每股收益、净资产收益率和总资产周转率等反映企业盈利能力、营运能力及盈利质量的指标相关,与企业规模呈显著的正相关关系,与上市公司业绩指标的相关性存在规模效应,并受国有持股比例的影响。高管持股对公司绩效的影响存在区间效应,持股0.05%以上的样本公司的盈利水平和盈利质量较好,其高管持股可发挥长期激励作用。     

Why are some more peer than others? Evidence from a longitudinal study of social networks and individual academic performance

Studies of peer effects in educational settings confront two main problems. The first is the presence of endogenous sorting which confounds the effects of social influence and social selection on individual attainment. The second is how to account for the local network dependencies through which peer effects influence individual behavior. We empirically address these problems using longitudinal data on academic performance, friendship, and advice seeking relations among students in a full-time graduate academic program. We specify stochastic agent-based models that permit estimation of the interdependent contribution of social selection and social influence to individual performance. We report evidence of peer effects. Students tend to assimilate the average performance of their friends and of their advisors. At the same time, students attaining similar levels of academic performance are more likely to develop friendship and advice ties. Together, these results imply that processes of social influence and social selection are sub-components of a more general a co-evolutionary process linking network structure and individual behavior. We discuss possible points of contact between our findings and current research in the economics and sociology of education.     

关于欧美构建新型父职的述评

父职是通过个人、代际传递/伴侣、工作单位/同辈群体/社区和社会政策/文化价值观念等共同构建的。西方现代父职变革是随着工业社会的开启而开始,并呈现三种主要模式——社会民主主义、市场自由主义和保守主义。20世纪80年代以来,欧美工业国家开始推动新型父职的构建,给孩子提供大量日常照顾的新型父亲重新理解了家庭生活和工作的意义,并发展出男性化的照顾子女方式。西方新型父职的经验对于我国儿童、家庭和社会政策变革具有重要的借鉴意义。     

ASMEC-S:一个基于主体的股份制经济模型

为了分析宏观经济与股票市场之间的相互影响，我们提供了一个基于主体的股份制经济模型──ＡＳＭＥＣ－Ｓ。人工经济由多个家庭、多个消费品企业、一个资本品企业、一个银行和一个政府组成。消费品企业是股份制企业，政府和众多家庭是它们的股东。家庭的消费剩余可以用于股票市场的投资，是否买卖某种股票取决于家庭的预期。消费品企业通过调整劳动力数目和资本数目控制生产规模，并应用分类器系统完善定价策略。政府可以通过制定货币政策调控经济运行。实验结果表明：宏观经济和股票市场均呈现出周期波动；政府适当地调整利率能够使宏观经济和股票市场运行比较平稳。     

我国P2P网络借贷的法律风险解析及监管应对

通过对我国 P2P 网络借贷平台运营模式的探究,认为网络借贷平台存在民事法律风险、刑事法律风险和金融法律风险。在此基础上,借鉴美国对 P2P 网络借贷平台的监管格局,提出通过明晰监管结构、完善个人征信体系、规范中间账户管理、引入第三方担保机制或建立风险准备金制度等监管措施,增进行业自律来完善我国对网络借贷平台的监管。     

跨国公司、产业链与企业的购买势力

借助于一个上下游模型,对跨国公司、产业链和企业的购买势力对消费者利益和社会福利的影响进行研究,可以得出如下结论:第一,无论是国资企业还是外资企业先行进入市场,也不管是哪个企业拥有购买势力,企业购买势力的增强都会降低上游企业的利润。第二,无论上下游企业是否组成产业联盟,如果连锁企业是国资企业,那么其购买势力的增加可以提高消费者剩余和社会福利;但是,如果连锁企业是外资企业,那么其购买势力的提高必然会损害消费者利益和社会福利。第三,无论上游企业是否是国资企业,如果下游的国资企业与之缔结产业联盟,都会改善社会福利。     

连锁董事与企业战略:前沿理论与实证研究评述

董事之重要,在于他们是制定和监督企业战略的商业精英,企业竞争优势的培育和利益相关者价值的最大化都离不开一个精英董事会。特别是,具有多家董事席位,我们称作连锁董事的人,对企业的战略制定具有特殊的作用。根植于西方发达国家的连锁董事研究已近一个世纪。连锁董事使得企业嵌入于一个有关商业知识和实践的传播体制,其中,具有更多的连锁董事的企业更容易产生创新、发生战略模仿、建立企业间联盟以及促进企业对外部资源的获取。今天,在中国转型经济条件下,连锁董事现象也非常普及,企业之间因为连锁董事而形成了一个紧密的商业网络,连锁董事通过影响和塑造企业的战略选择而影响整个经济系统。因为转型经济的特点,连锁董事对企业战略的影响也势必受到来自于不同层面的边界条件的约束,相关问题研究在转型经济条件下也变得越来越重要。