农村青年对新农村建设主体的认知及实践

农村青年对新农村建设主体的认知和实践是农村青年研究的重要方面。共同的利益驱动使农村青年获得主体认知,农村青年认为自己有一定的社会地位并对主体义务有明确的认知。依据在农村的身份、地位、经济实力等因素,农村青年自觉地分成不同的类型,并展现出惰性与积极性并存、紧张性与闲散性并存、责任性与谋利性并存的行为特点。角色分类是客观反映农村青年主体行为的有效方法,农村社会与农村青年是利益社会与社会利益中的人,中间型农村青年可以成为新农村建设的非正式领导力量。     

Policy Perspectives on Social,Agricultural, and Rural Sustainability1

Abstract Three types of agricultural, or sustainability, policy are introduced. One deals with the interests of society, another with the agricultural sector, and the third with rural people and places. Each type serves different purposes, interest groups, and issues. Yet, they share some common ground. Because social, agricultural, and rural objectives are interdependent, we need all three policy types if any is to be effective in a highly specialized society. Agricultural policy often substitutes for rural policy, but this is inadequate. Factors shaping the rural policy context include regionality, the large rural population, the rural situation, lack of rural human resource development, technological displacement, and legislation. The environment, economic change, physical infrastructure, social services, jobs, and the role of land grant universities are issues to be considered in rural policy.     

Migratory movements and their effects on family structure: the Latin American case

The main causes of population mobility in Latin America have been 1) dissolution of the traditional rural societies, 2) expansion of the agro-industrial economy, and 3) consolidation of an urban economic and cultural model. Disparities in wages and exchange rates and inequality in development between different countries have led to emigration to countries at higher levels of economic development and to the industrialized Western countries. More recently, political instability and institutionalized violence in Central America have induced population movements to other countries in the region. 6 basic types of migration in Latin America are 1) seasonal migration of small farmers to urban areas or the rural areas in other countries, 2) migration by young rural people to cities or urban areas of other countries, 3) rural-urban and international migration by the whole family group, 4) international urban-urban migration by individuals or by the whole family group, 5) migration for family reunification, and 6) return migration. The predominant type of mobility has been from the countryside to the cities. Both men and women migrate, although the proportion of migrant women is increasing and women occasionally outnumber males. Migrant women generally find less skilled jobs which are less well paid. Migrant workers frequently have access only to less skilled and poorly paid jobs or enter the informal sector of the urban economy. The impact of migration on the structure and functioning of the family unit in the sending society is determined by the number, sex, and role of the family members who migrate. Other economic and social factors such as assistance received by the migrant, the work found, the level of income, and the specific characteristics of the receiving society determine the success of the venture, the capacity to some or all of the remaining family members. Family members who stay in the sending society must adjust their behavior in ways determined by the number, sex, and age of the family members concerned and the type of economic activities by the family. For the migrating family, settlement in the receiving society requires the development of new functions and specialized domestic activities by each of its members. Survival possibilities will be largely determined by assistance networks, the reorganization of the structure and functioning of the family group, and the adoption of new organizational patterns.     

Regulating rural change: Property rights,economy and environment — a case study from Cumbria,U.K.

A new set of priorities increasingly determines the development of the British countryside. It is encouraging a more economically and socially differentiated countryside in which spatial patterns of development will be less predictable and environmental concerns more evident. New means of examining these complex processes of change are urgently required. In particular, they must engage with and adequately reflect the significance of local circumstances. Drawing upon Clark's notion of ‘real’ regulation, with its focus upon administrative processes, a framework is presented which re-directs our understanding of regulation as a focus for examining the relations between the market, the state and civil society. The framework is operationalized through an examination of the redefinition and redistribution of real property rights. Changes to property rights provide a means of establishing altered priorities. These priorities are reflected in the nature and outcomes of the rural land development process which, it is argued, continues to afford a particularly powerful ‘window’ on the nature of rural change. The field enquiries are based upon a detailed, case study approach using an ‘actor-in-context’ methodology. A case study drawn from Allerdale in Cumbria, England, which examines the debates and outcomes surrounding the Lostrigg open-cast coal site, is used to illustrate the methodology, to indicate the growing political substance of environmental as opposed to employment concerns in the countryside, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of local resistance to established norms of land development.     

ELMs disease: Stewardship, corporatism and citizenship in the English countryside

Varying concepts of citizenship, implicit within policy providing countryside access opportunities in England and the sometimes contrasting political rhetoric concerning citizenship, are evaluated here. The focus for this paper surrounds the Countryside Stewardship Scheme and, generically, the access elements of Environmental Land Management schemes (ELMs) and the implications of the 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act in this context. Policy formulation in respect of countryside access may not be prepared considering the philosophical implications for citizens rights or property rights constructions. However, it is hypothesized that particular modes of regulation and commodification (of certain countryside goods) are imbued with certain values which reflect a neo-Liberal political philosophy. This view is contextualized within present theoretical debates concerning rural society.     

发展陷阱：城镇化建设何去何从？

中国历经30多年的高速经济增长,重返社会建设既是现实的需要,也是发展规律的内在要求。随着城乡社会的融合,村庄在消逝,城市人与农村人的权利心理在走向趋同。乡土社会经济正在消逝,取而代之的是城市社会的快速扩张,非农、非正规经济在农村土地上快速长成,而这一过程其实又是一次试错运动。推进中国的城市化,不是解除户籍和土地制度的束缚,而是依靠生产方式转变和农民收入提高,以及农村的土地经营模式的改变。城镇化道路的选择,关注重点应该是农村而不是城市,出路在于城市建设稳步推进以及其与农村社会经济发展之间的协调。     

‘Inappropriate and incongruous’: opposition to asylum centres in the English countryside

Recent plans to accommodate asylum seekers in a number of rural locales have fuelled debates about the ability of the countryside to accommodate difference. In this paper, I explore these debates by examining community opposition to the proposed development of asylum centres in Nottinghamshire and Oxfordshire (UK). Herein, a rhetoric of rejection is revealed that stresses asylum seekers would feel isolated in the English countryside and could be more appropriately settled in an urban context. While this argument enjoys some support from asylum welfare groups, it is suggested here that it serves to reaffirm the boundary between a rurality regarded as unsullied, sexually pure and white, and urban environments imagined as multicultural, permissive and spoiled. Accordingly, it is suggested that rural communities’ anxieties about the arrival of asylum seekers can only be understood by exploring the connections between rhetorics of displacement and (deeply rooted) rural fears of racialised and sexualised difference.     

城镇化视角下农村社会管理创新研究

农村社会是中国社会的基础,加强社会管理的重点应该在农村、在基层。当前我国要实现城乡统筹发展,必须开展农村社会管理创新,提高农村社会管理科学化水平。本文以分析具体案例为重点,以解决实际问题为目标,重点研究我国农村社会管理中存在的问题和矛盾,同时借鉴国内外先进的社区管理理念和管理模式,旨在提出新的适合我国农村社会管理实际的模式,以期对我国加快新农村建设有所启示。     

Continuity or rupture? Roma/Gypsy communities in rural and urban environments under post-socialism

The aim of the article is to contribute to existing research and debates on social change associated with the post-socialist transformation in Eastern and Central Europe. It does so by drawing attention to and examining the diversity of ways in which such change has been lived through and reflected upon by members of Roma (Gypsy) communities living in urban and rural environments. Drawing on ethnographic research amongst excluded and segregated Roma in the ‘ghettos’ of Czech cities and in rural ‘Gypsy settlements’ in the Slovak countryside, the author notes a striking difference between how members of these communities, belonging to the same extended families, lived through and reflect upon the post-socialist transformation. While the members of the Roma communities living in Czech cities perceive the post-socialist transformation as one of the most dramatic ruptures in their life trajectories, the rural Roma do not seem to have been affected as deeply and dramatically, and their life trajectories seem to be framed by different events than those directly associated with the market transition. The paper analyses and explains the social and historical conditions that (co)produce the sense of rupture or continuity in the life trajectories of members of Roma communities exposed to urban and rural environments.     

Workers on the move: seasonal migration and changing social relations in rural India

Seasonal and other temporary out-migration for manual work from India's rural areas is a major component of the livelihoods of poor rural workers and their employers in most parts of the country. However, members of India's population who migrate around the country looking for manual work challenge development policymakers because of the difficulty of including such people in geographically-based interventions. The number of temporary migrants has nonetheless increased during the 1980s and 1990s in western and eastern India. Seasonal migration in different parts of India is considered, while the author argues the need for a better understanding of social and economic relations and the circumstances under which migration can affect them to the benefit of poor migrant workers. Seasonal migration is both a part of and an outcome of those social and economic structures in the Indian countryside.     

大学生“村官”基层工作的介入类型研究

大学生"村官"扮演着乡土社会的嵌入者角色,寻找合适抓手、探寻有效工作路径成为其基层工作征程的难点所在。大学生"村官"基层工作介入形态主要有创业富民型、社会管理型、便民服务型和文化提升型四种类型基层工作。对大学生"村官"基层工作介入类型的研究有助于推动我国大学生"村官"工作的整体实践进程。     

Stabilising the USSR's rural population through development of the social infrastructure

This study is concerned with the problems caused by rural-urban migration in the USSR and with the policies that have been developed to deal with those problems. The author suggests that "the increase in the material prosperity of collective farmers since the Revolution, although a necessary condition for discouraging rural migration, has not in itself been sufficient to prevent the occurrence of rural manpower shortages. He points to the need for an all-round approach to improving conditions of life in the countryside, with due regard for cultural/utilitarian and socio-psychological factors, and suggests that the solution to the problem lies in agro-industrial integration, the improvement of public transport and the extension of the all-weather road network."     

Rethinking the European countryside—can we learn from the South?

A new paradigm of multi-dimensional rural development has emerged which advocates a broader conception of the rurality where the rural is no longer the monopoly of the farmer. This new, broader paradigm needs to be reflected in the methodology of social scientific research, both generic and applied. In this paper we are primarily concerned with transfer of research methodologies utilised in development studies in the South to explore their usefulness for rethinking the European countryside. Such a transfer of methodology may be helpful, because integrated rural development can build on a long legacy in the South, while it has only recently been advocated in the EU context. The paper reflects upon the application of two such analytical concepts originating from development studies, which we have applied for research on the rural geographies in the European countryside, namely Sen's livelihood capabilities approach and Chambers’ concept of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Having the sustainable livelihoods approach as overall framework, both methodologies are qualitative in nature and address people's survival strategies and livelihood practices with a focus on micro-level analysis at individual, household (Sen) and community level (PRA), while reflecting their embeddedness in wider social, political and economic structures. Our comparative studies suggest that the prospects for bottom-up development, as orchestrated by PRA or similar approaches, is constrained by structural factors, which define the boundaries for local development. The capabilities approach is useful to detect the capabilities to act and be within which bottom-up approaches may take their—though limited—role in rural development.     

Bridging identity divides in current rural social mobilisation

The shift from a corporatist citizenship regime to a neoliberal one has adversely affected Latin American rural communities and led to widespread social mobilisation and organisation in the countryside. The struggle of such marginalised communities has been often framed by stressing their indigenous collective identity over the previously prevalent class-based peasant identity. This article focuses on the role of identity and the negotiation of different identities in the struggle of two rural organisations in Northwest Argentina for securing land tenure and improving their standards of living. Argentinean society, in contrast to some other Latin American societies, is often imagined as ‘white,’ but in recent decades many peasant, or campesino, communities have rediscovered or reaffirmed their indigenous origin. This article therefore deconstructs rural collective identities in Argentina and analyses how class and ethnic identities are negotiated in struggles of grassroots social organisations in the countryside of this predominantly urban country.     

The middle classes in rural England 1971–1991

This paper examines the issue of whether the English countryside has been ‘captured’ by the service classes. It examines this issue with regard to three questions: the role of the service classes in deciding dominant rural images; their role in controlling change processes in the countryside; and their share of the rural population. For the first two, doubts are raised about the importance that is being attached to middle class ‘capture’ ideas. The demographic takeover of the countryside is examined empirically, using census data on individuals from the Longitudinal Study. This shows that notions of a demographic dominance by the service classes are exaggerated and largely apply to SE England. Extending class membership to include those who have ever been in a class indicates that there is a comparatively slight tendency for migration into rural areas to be associated with downward social mobility amongst service class members. Inward movement was more closely allied to longer term service class membership. In gender terms rural areas were not distinguished from other zones in the same region in terms of the likelihood that female in-migrants would stay in full-time employment or leave the paid workforce.     

从人口均衡视角吸收《人口论》中的合理因素

当今社会人口问题已成为世界三大难题,尤其在我国十分突出。为解决日益严重的人口问题、建设人口均衡型社会,促进人口均衡发展已成为我国发展道路上的重要战略。马尔萨斯《人口论》中的适度人口思想与人口均衡有着一定的联系,其中一些思想对我们实现人口均衡和可持续发展具有借鉴作用。通过阐述《人口论》中一些积极因素,以期为构建人口均衡型社会提供新的思路。     

The restructuring of rural Spain?

This paper explores the utility of ideas derived from the rural restructuring literature for understanding contemporary trends in rural Spain. It concludes that the processes that analysts associate with rural restructuring are of little help in understanding the Spanish context. As regards capitalist markets, the Spanish countryside is not characterised by economic diversification, professionalism, environmentalism and consumerism on a scale that resembles anticipations derived from the restructuring literature. For state processes, lethargy is a more appropriate adjective than restructuring. Likewise, social and cultural change in civil society are subdued versions of trends that beset Spanish society.     

我国生态农村建设之探索

生态农村建设是当前建设社会主义新农村的重大举措,从农村的生态环境、基础条件和农民意识等方面,探讨农村生态环境存在的问题,指出加快农村生态建设的重要性,提出加强乡镇企业环境综合整治、完善体制机制建设、发展生态农业、开展生态文明教育等措施。     

Three agricultural regions of France: Three types of pluriactivity

In France, the new Common Agricultural Policy will have different regional impacts. There are three types of regions based on agricultural development. The first type is where farms are able to carry on a modernization process; the second type where farms are threatened in spite of their modernization, and the third type where farms are unable to be modernized. These three types of regions are represented in France by Picardy, Languedoc and Savoy. Each region is developing a particular form of pluriactivity in accordance with its own agricultural development. Picardy is setting up a business pluriactivity which uses agricultural resources to increase non-agricultural activities. Languedoc undergoes a rural development pluriactivity by using non-agricultural resources for its modernization. Savoy represents a rural pluriactivity of survival, in which the close combination between agricultural and non-agricultural activities permits the maintenance of rural many-faceted businesses.The three kinds of pluriactivity are very unlike. They show that, in France, agricultural development will in future be linked to rural development to a far greater extent.     

Impact assessment of the EU structural funds to support regional economic development in rural areas of Germany

Rural areas in Germany have been subject to major structural changes in agriculture and other economic sectors due to the combined effects of CAP reform and socio-economic adjustments resulting from German reunification. By comparing the different approaches to assistance for rural economic development in the two groups of rural areas the paper will focus on the following topics: analysis of initial conditions with respect to agricultural, demographic and economic indicators; design of the delivery system for financial assistance with regard to strategic aims and the policy mix of the programmes; organizational and operational aspects of the required system for monitoring and evaluation of operations according to EU regulations; indication of intended and immediate impacts of some measures, e.g. changing conditions on the labour markets in different types of rural areas. Conclusions will be drawn from comparison of observable changes based on experiences with impact assessment and evaluation of support schemes in the two different types of rural areas during the current phase 1989–1993 with a view to the next phase of the reform of the EU structural funds 1994–1999.