教育效能和结构对西部地区贫困减缓的影响研究

文章通过构建理论模型,分析了教育效能、教育结构与贫困减缓的关系,并利用2000～2010年西部地区省级动态面板数据进行了实证检验。结果表明,西部地区贫困流动性较弱,存在持续贫困的现象;由于教育质量和平均受教育年限的权衡替代,教育支出的减贫效果不显著;教育质量对城市减贫的作用比平均受教育年限更为显著;平均受教育年限对西部农村贫困减缓具有"门槛"效应,且现阶段教育效能对农村减贫的整体作用为负。由于离技术前沿距离较远,中等教育对西部城乡减贫的意义更为显著。     

贫困与教育——甘肃会宁现象剖析

会宁教育现象是否“过时了”?在全球化背景下,怎样更好地发挥农村教育的功能?在会宁,贫困与教育为何能如此神奇地“共生”?贫困地区要实现和谐发展,教育无疑是一根敏感的神经。     

教育扩张下教育收益率变化的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与营养调查数据分析中国高等教育扩张过程中居民工资收入的变化规律,重点分析高等教育收益率的变化情况,以反映在长期内高等教育扩张的工资(收入)效应.考虑劳动力市场分割等因素,明瑟人力资本方程的回归结果显示,随着市场化程度的提高和高等教育的扩张,高等教育的教育收益率经历了1991～2000年的快速增长之后,2004～2006年增长势头减缓,甚至出现停止增长的迹象.说明近年教育扩张对高等教育的教育回报有明显的压缩效应,高等教育扩张所引发的工资效应正在逐步显露出来.同时,中国劳动力市场开始出现高学历对低学历的替代效应.     

流动儿童家庭教育期望的影响因素探析——基于北京市某区的问卷调查

利用"人口迁移与儿童发展的跟踪研究"基期数据,本文讨论了流动儿童家长对其子女的教育期望及影响因素,旨在回答流动儿童家长的教育期望是否存在差异,以及家长的个人生活经历与社会态度是否会影响到家长的教育期望这两个问题。结果发现,希望子女能够接受更高层次的教育仍然是中国社会较为普遍的现象;就读于不同学校儿童的家长,其教育期望的确存在差异,但这与家庭的经济条件无关;儿童的学习成绩、家长的受教育程度、家长对家庭教育的重视程度、对学历重要性的认识程度等家庭的文化背景及家长的社会态度乃是影响家长教育期望的主要因素;并且,父亲和母亲对子女的教育期望是不同的。但教育选择(就读何种类型的学校)与教育期望之间的因果关系等问题尚需进一步讨论。     

夫妻教育匹配对男性平等分担家务的影响

利用2000年和2010年中国妇女社会地位调查数据,考察了21世纪最初十年间中国婚姻家庭的家务分工特征及其变化,着重检验了夫妻教育匹配对家务分工平等化的影响.研究发现,夫妻平等分担家务的现象近年来呈缓慢的上升趋势,2010年全国接近两成的已婚夫妇相对平等地分担家务.夫高妻低的教育匹配模式不利于推动家务分工平等化以及改变"女主内"的分工模式;与之相对,夫妻教育相同和夫低妻高的教育匹配模式在不同程度上推动着男性平等分担家务.文章认为,夫妻平等分担家务代表了现代社会经济和性别平等文化背景下家务分工演变的方向.实现这一转变,女性自身教育水平的相对提高以及教育匹配现象的演化扮演着极为重要的角色;而营造良好的社会舆论环境与完善社会服务体系,则是家务分工平等化的重要社会保障.     

女性就业竞争力与出生人口性别比的城乡差异分析

经验分析表明,相对于城镇而言,农村拥有更高的出生性别比,本文试图从经济学角度解释此现象。改革开放以来,中国城镇女性的就业竞争力有显著的提高,城镇中男女性别在就业与教育中的差异都存在收敛的现象。但在农村中,男性和女性无论是在就业竞争力还是在劳动收益上都存在很大的差距,而且,调查结果显示,无论是与农村男性还是与城镇女性相比农村女性的受教育机会都要少得多,这些因素共同决定了农村女性与城镇女性的就业竞争力差异,并影响了城乡出生性别比。     

教育与城镇妇女就业相关性分析

本文通过对问卷调查数据分析 ,说明教育对提高女性劳动者素质和竞争力 ,提高就业层次 ,增加她们的收入的重要作用 ;探讨了就业领域中仍然存在的性别隔离现象 ;用调查数据说明妇女受教育程度与妇女就业意识、选择就业的态度和方式、控制劳动力供给的数量、职业流动的水平以及对自身社会处境的判断和期望的高低的相关性     

教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响及中介效应分析

本文基于中国综合社会调查（CGSS）2018年数据,应用多元线性回归模型分析教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响并进行稳健性检验,在此基础上进行异质性分析及中介效应分析。研究发现：我国女性受教育程度不断提高但略低于男性,女性受教育程度存在明显的年龄差异和户籍差异;女性主观阶层认同水平良好且随着教育程度的提高而不断提高。教育对女性主观阶层认同产生显著影响,用社会经济地位替代主观阶层认同进行的稳健性检验同样显著。教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响存在户籍的异质性,主要表现为小学和研究生及以上学历对农业户口女性主观阶层认同的影响不显著。中介效应分析表明收入在教育与主观阶层认同的关系中产生显著的中介效应且在不同教育程度的中介效应中表现不一致;当教育程度较低时,收入是完全中介效应,教育通过收入水平的提高影响主观阶层认同;当教育程度较高时,收入产生部分中介效应,教育既会直接影响主观阶层认同,也会通过收入水平提高间接影响主观阶层认同,其中高中学历的间接效应大于直接效应,大学及以上学历的直接效应大于间接效应。建议不断提高女性受教育程度,推进性别平等和女性社会参与,缩小城乡教育差距和男女收入差距,进一步提高女性主观阶...     

对同居现象的探讨

文章首先对同居现象作了界定,分析了国内外同居现象的现状,并对同居现象产生和盛行的原因作了深入探讨,文章最后对同居是否会替代婚姻作了进一步的分析。     

农村地区外出务工潮对义务教育阶段辍学的影响

文章利用中国综合社会调查数据与县级主要社会经济统计资料,分析了20世纪80年代以来中国农村地区外出务工现象对义务教育阶段在校学生辍学的影响。研究发现,农村地区同龄人外出务工现象对义务教育阶段在校学生辍学具有吸引与示范作用。一个区县同龄人外出务工的比例越高,在校学生义务教育阶段辍学的可能性越高;与完成义务教育者相比,初中辍学者更有可能外出务工。与同龄人外出的影响不同,家人外出有助于降低农村中小学生辍学的风险,促进其接受较高的教育。     

Education Expansion, Educational Inequality, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan, 1976–2003

The expansion of higher education in Taiwan starting from the late 1980s has successfully raised the average level of education. Using the concept of the education Gini, we find that the educational inequality declined as average schooling rose during the period of 1976–2003. The impacts of a rising average schooling and a declining educational inequality are also tested empirically in this paper. The evidence supports that a higher level of average schooling will generate a lower income inequality. On the other hand, a lower educational inequality, as measured by education Gini coefficient, will also cause a lower income inequality. Skill-biased technological change that shifts the labor demand from unskilled workers toward skilled workers is the most likely cause for the rising income inequality in Taiwan. However, the trend of rising income inequality could be reversed due to possible future over-education and unemployment in the labor market.     

同胞数量与教育获得的性别差异

同胞数量对教育获得的影响存在性别差异，对女性影响较大，对男性没有统计上的影响。在国家强调教育公平的时期，同胞效应的性别差异较小；在强调效率的时期，性别差异较大。在农村，同胞效应的性别差异要高于城镇。从同胞构成来看，对女性教育获得影响最大的是弟的数量。研究表明，同胞效应产生的主要原因是家庭预算约束和性别偏好。     

Family size and educational attainment in England and Wales

In this paper, we use linked census data from England and Wales to investigate whether having a large number of siblings leads to lower educational attainment. There is a large literature suggesting that with large sibship size, parental resources will be diluted and this, in turn, will lead to lower educational attainment. Using twin births and the sex composition of the sibling group as instrumental variables, we find that the evidence of a family size effect on educational attainment is rather uncertain. Similar results are obtained when we use occupational attainment as the dependent variable. We also demonstrate the confounding of birth order and family size effects, and show that an adjusted birth order index proposed by Booth and Kee provides an effective solution to this estimation problem.     

Human Capabilities Versus Human Capital: Guaging the Value of Education in Developing Countries

The purpose of this study is to defend the view that education should be evaluated in terms of the capability to achieve valued functionings, rather than mental satisfaction or resources. In keeping with Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach we argue that mental satisfaction provides an inaccurate metric of well-being because of the phenomenon of adaptive preferences. Equally, resources cannot be used as a metric of well-being because of inequalities in the ability to convert income and commodities into valued functionings. Hence, interpreting education as a means to create human capital is also impoverished because it evaluates education solely in terms of the accumulation of resources. In order to provide evidence in support of the human capabilities approach we statistically examine the channels through which educational attainment affects the health functionings implied by life expectancy. Using panel data analysis for 35 developing countries for the years 1990, 1995 and 2000 we compare the health functionings (as indicated by life expectancy) that are achieved by the income growth generated by educational attainment, with the total health functionings that are achieved by educational attainment. We find that educational attainment (as indicated by average years of schooling) has a significant effect on life expectancy independently of its effect by way of income growth. A 1% increase in per capita income increases life expectancy by 0.073954% while a 1% increase in average years of schooling directly increases life expectancy by 0.055324%. Because it shows that income underestimates the health functionings achieved by educational attainment, our empirical findings lend support to the claim that the value of education should be measured in terms of the capability for functioning, rather than resources.     

我国义务教育发展现状、趋势及对策研究

人口的文化素质直接与人的受教育程度有关.运用SPSS统计软件的方法对第四次人口普查、1995年1%人口抽样调查和第五次人口普查资料进行分析,可以看出,我国的人口素质有了很大提高,义务教育基本得到普及,中高等教育进一步得到发展,文化构成上的性别差异也在缩小,但城乡间、地区间的差异仍然存在.     

Allocation and distribution: A discussion of the educational transition model,with reference to the Italian case

The main characteristic of education in the past century has been its expansion: a major stratification research question associated with this is whether the inequalities of educational opportunities among classes have persisted or changed (diminished) over time. The educational transition model (29 and 30), adopted by the majority of scholars in the field, separates the study of allocation, that is class inequality in education, from that of distribution, the amount of schooling and its expansion, using conditional logits. A consequence of the way this distinction has influenced subsequent research has been the emergence of a sharp gap between macro-level research on the expansion of education and stratification studies.     

Foster care and the educational attainment of Jamaican children

Though informal fostering, the placement of children in the care of relatives or friends, is common in developing countries little research has been performed to ascertain its implications for the welfare of foster children. Previous studies on fostering are generally concerned with the circumstances that result in fostering. We investigate the relationship between foster care and educational opportunities and achievement. The relationship between fostering and a childs educational achievement is crucial because education has a strong influence on the long-term welfare of the individual. Our findings are unique in that we redefine foster care to exclude children living with their biological father. This redefinition results in significantly different findings on the effect of foster care on the educational investment of the household towards foster boys. Under the new definition foster boys are significantly more likely to be educationally disadvantaged.     

Forecasting differences in life expectancy by education

Forecasts of life expectancy (LE) have fuelled debates about the sustainability and dependability of pension and healthcare systems. Of relevance to these debates are inequalities in LE by education. In this paper, we present a method of forecasting LE for different educational groups within a population. As a basic framework we use the Li–Lee model that was developed to forecast mortality coherently for different groups. We adapted this model to distinguish between overall, sex-specific, and education-specific trends in mortality, and extrapolated these time trends in a flexible manner. We illustrate our method for the population aged 65 and over in the Netherlands, using several data sources and spanning different periods. The results suggest that LE is likely to increase for all educational groups, but that differences in LE between educational groups will widen. Sensitivity analyses illustrate the advantages of our proposed method.     

Child labor versus educational attainment: some evidence from Latin America

The paper addresses the issue of child labor in relation to the educational attainment of working children. The empirical analysis is based on household surveys in Bolivia and Venezuela. It was found that labor force participation is non-trivial among those below the legal working age or supposed to be in school. Working children contribute significantly to total household income. The fact that a child is working reduces his or her educational attainment by about 2 years of schooling relative to the control group of non-working children. Grade repetition, a common phenomenon in Latin America, is closely associated with child labor. JEL classification: J13, J21, I21 Received May 2, 1996/Accepted August 14, 1996     

死亡人口受教育水平的预测模型和效果研究——对中国1990～2010年省级面板数据的估计

由于缺乏健全的死亡民事登记和医疗登记制度,中国死亡人口的受教育水平只能获得人口普查年份的数据,非普查年份数据只能用普查年份数据代替,这种替代法在使用中存在诸多不足,构建模型对非普查年数据进行估计是另一种可行的方法。本研究利用经过识别和有效性检验的模型,以社会经济发展水平、人口结构水平、医疗卫生水平和存活人口受教育水平作为解释变量,利用可得资料对1990²010年期间非普查年份数据进行估计,得到更为有效的省级死亡人口受教育水平逐年数据。