切实解决“失独”家庭养老问题

近年来,河北省新乐市在落实好各种奖励优惠政策的基础上,结合本地实际,制发踅新乐市“失独”家庭临终关怀实施办法》,建立“政府主导、部门协作、社会参与”的“失独”家庭临终关怀机制,开展“经济支持、健康服务、精神慰藉、临终关怀”等关爱活动,彻底解决“失独”家庭的后顾之忧。     

河北正定县“四位一体” 关怀60周岁以上失独老人

河北省正定县人口计生局全面启动＂四位一体＂特殊关怀办法,使全县60周岁以上失独老人老有所养、思有所慰、病有所医、亡有所管。特殊关怀办法主要是通过实施救济补贴、医疗保障、养老陪护、临终关怀＂四位一体＂,提高60周岁以上失独老人的生活质量,弥补他们的亲情缺失,形成政府主导、社会参与、齐抓共管、务求实效的良好格局,切实解决他们在生活、就医、养老、精神等方面面临的实际困难。县财政局、民政局、卫生局、农牧局、     

中国老年人临终地点及影响因素研究

文章基于2008年、2011年、2014年北京大学中国老年人健康长寿影响因素追踪调查的死亡数据对中国老年人临终地点、影响因素及变化趋势进行研究。居住在城镇、年龄较小、社会经济地位高、拥有医疗保险、患有慢性疾病的老年人更可能"临终于医院";临终照护者为配偶、生活不能自理的老年人更可能"临终在家"。从变化趋势看,中国老年人"临终于医院"的比例有所上升,但仍以"临终在家"为主。研究认为其主要原因为80岁及以上高龄老年人占老年人口比例上升,城镇化发展背景下中国大多数老年人依然生活在农村,基层医疗卫生机构(如村卫生室)的发展增强了其临终医疗服务能力。在亲人的关心和注视下离开,在自己的家中接受临终关怀是多数老年人的临终心愿,也是临终的最佳选择。基于此,文章建议在中国老年人临终地点仍以"临终在家"为主的背景下,政府应出台相关政策,进一步增强基层医疗卫生机构的临终医疗服务能力,支持"家庭照护+上门医疗服务"的居家临终照护模式,这不仅能够满足多数老年人"临终在家"的意愿,减轻临终老年人的家庭经济负担,也可以在一定程度上缓解"临终于医院"所带来的医院床位资源紧缺。     

吉林省1990、1995年在业人口工作寿命表分析

从 1 990年到 1 995年 ,吉林省的就业状况发生了很大的变化。和 1 990年相比 ,1 995年的就业水平下降 ,男、女就业差距明显缩小。另外 ,反映人口综合就业水平的在业水平指数与年龄存在三次曲线相关     

《大英百科全书》关于北京人口增长过程的误解

1974年版的《大英百科全书》在关于北京的条目中专列“人口统计”一项。其中 ,“自从 1 94 9年以来 ,北京成为中国人口增长速度最快的城市之一”的结论 ,以及这一时期北京市人口增长出于三方面原因的分析均是正确的。但是 ,“直到北京重新成为这个国家的首都之前 ,北京的人口还没有发生急剧的增长” ,尤其“历代北京人口的变化情况”及附表均发生了严重误解。在这张附表中 ,历代北京人口为 :公元1 2 70年 ,4 0 1万人 ;1 578年 ,70 7万人 ;1 91 3年 ,72 8万人 ;1 91 6年 ,80 1万人 ;1 930年 ,1 30万人 ;1 936年 ,1 55 1万人 ;1 94 8年 ,1…     

1997-1998年台湾人口与社会动态

1　人口增长率回升1997年底全省户籍登记人口数 2 16 8 3万人 ,其中男性人口 1113 2万人 ,女性人口10 5 5 1万人 ,比 1996年 12月的 2 147 1万人增加 2 1 2万人 ,年人口增长率 9 87‰。进入九十年代 ,全省年人口增长率持续下降 ,由 1990年的 12 2 1‰下降至 1996年的 7 85‰ ,1997年比 1996年回升 1 0 2个千分点 ,这是八年来首次出现的回升。全省人口密度为6 0 2 2 1人 ,比 1996年的 5 96 43人又明显上升 5 78人。全省人口的总户数为 6 18 5万户 ,继续保持着高于人口增长率的上升势头 ,年增 17 8万户。而户均人口为 3 5 1人 ,比 1996年…     

2006年中国人口生育问题研究文献综述

一、中国的生育水平 （一）生育水平的估算翟振武、陈卫（2007）以独立于“人口系统”之外的教育统计数据,估计2000年人口普查中的漏报,最终推算出中国1991年生育率达到更替水平,之后进一步下降,低于更替水平。20世纪90年代后期中国的总和生育率为1．7～1．8。张青（2006）针对现有人口抽样数据的特点和缺陷,通过对总和生育率指标的分析和改进,测算出中国的总和生育率从1994～1996年的1．80左右下降到2001～2004年的1．62左右,其中2000年为1．66。     

美国华裔人口发展趋势和多元化

华人移民美国的历史可追溯到 1 840年末 ,甚至更早。但由于遭美国政府立法排斥 ,在 1 882至 1 943年长达 61年期间 ,华人人口几乎没有增长 ,男女比例严重失调 ,形成一个畸形的、与外界隔绝的单身汉社会。 1 943年排华法废除后华人人口才开始缓慢增长 ,男女比例失调逐渐缩小。自 1 965年新移民法实施以来 ,美国华人人口飞跃增长 ,几乎每十年翻一番 ,男女比例日趋平衡 ,华人社区内部迅速多元化。 2 1世纪初 ,美国华人人口仍在继续快速增长 ,美国华人社区正在从以外来移民为主的社区向本地族裔的社区转变。     

中国1990～2000年乡-城人口转移年龄模式及其变迁

本文采用人口年龄移算方法 ,利用 1 982年、1 990年和 2 0 0 0年三次人口普查提供的年龄别数据 ,估计得到 1 990年和 2 0 0 0年两个时期的人口乡 -城转移的年龄模式。本文所设计的方法能够较准确的估计得到两次人口普查间人口转移的年龄分布和模式 ,估计结果反映了一般的人口迁移规律。通过比较研究揭示了 2 1世纪 90年代人口乡 -城转移年龄模式的变迁     

美国生育率下降趋于平缓

美国国家卫生统计中心公布的统计报告显示,美国生育率经过6年的急剧下降,2012年的降幅首次趋于平缓。2012年,有近400万美国妇女生育,生育数量与上年基本持平,生育率下降不到1%。相比之下,2007~2010年,生育率大幅下降,每年的降幅都接近3%,2011年降幅为1%。     

正式照料抑或非正式照料:照料模式对高龄老人临终照料成本的影响

本文基于2014～2018年中国老年人健康影响因素跟踪调查数据(CLHLS),尝试探究了机构照料、社会照料和家庭照料3种照料模式对我国高龄老人临终照料费用和天数的影响.结果发现,家庭照料和社会照料均与较高的临终照料费用与临终照料天数显著相关,但机构照料仅与较高的临终照料天数显著相关.此外,临终老人的照料依赖程度对于不同...     

“Be Patient,Dear Mother … Wait For Me”

In social reality, illness and death occur in myriad ways, yet Hollywood films have historically preferred spectacular, violent death over realist depictions of the terminal stages of life. Yet an ever-growing number of popular films, which I term neo-infirmity films, incorporate episodes of women characters debilitated by illness or injury. Operating at the intersection of melodrama and realism, the scenes are instrumental in staging contemporary cinema's gender politics. I argue that women's deathbed and hospital-bed scenes in contemporary cinema validate anew the maternal role and the figure of the mother, transporting the woman-centered discursive space of melodrama into narrative terrain often hostile to women's presence. Through this relocation, the films emphasize her importance to sons in particular (and less often to daughters, husbands, and the larger family unit). Many such scenes simultaneously undermine women's agency, reducing mothers to principally symbolic, literally immobile roles. Ailing women can become catalysts for male psychological transformation occurring through grief, action, or both in combination. In all, such scenes speak to continued ambivalence surrounding women's representation in popular cinema, and to continued patrolling of the boundaries of female power. This essay compares selected texts from contemporary Hollywood cinema, alongside three parallel discourses that also deploy melodramatic modes of articulation: nonfiction amateur video as relayed via television news programs, international art cinema, and US independent cinema. Arguing for homologies across multiple fields of textual production, I seek through this comparison to generate insights into the cultural work done by filmic representation.     

The Influence of Local Price and Availability on Parents’ Choice of Child Care

The striking variation in patterns of child care usage across states reflects differences in family characteristics, but may also reflect exogenous differences in local child care markets. Type of care selected will be influenced by the availability, cost, and accessibility of supply in the child care market as well as by family and child characteristics and cultural preferences. This study contributes to the growing literature on parental demand for child care by using a recent detailed data set from the state of Minnesota. We link household-level data on child care usage and family characteristics with county-level data on average provider rates and availability by type of care in order to estimate multinomial logit models analyzing the family, child, and market characteristics that predict type of care. Our analysis shows that using a relative or friend to care for a child is largely determined by availability, and choice of family care providers is most responsive to price for employed mothers. The types of care chosen by mothers who are not in the paid labor force differ substantially from the choices of employed mothers, and their use of center care is influenced by the prices of both center and family providers. Attitudes towards relative care are also shown to influence type of care chosen.     

发展性关怀抑或反思性关怀？--对中国农村留守人口社会关怀研究的梳理与反思

国外学者对社会关怀提出了两层含义,第一层含义侧重强调关怀者和被关怀者是一种发展关系,第二层含义重点阐释社会和个体关于谁需要关怀,以及如何关怀的认知对关怀资源生产和分配的影响。本文以这两层含义为维度,界定出当前我国学者针对农村留守人口存在着两种关怀：发展性关怀和反思性关怀。发展性关怀在一定程度上减缓了农村人口所面临的困境,但这种关怀依旧处于发展主义框架中。反思性关怀超越发展主义对关怀的限制,追求人本性关怀,从中深刻理解留守人口的境遇,对社会关怀研究的推进与完善具有重要的引导作用。分析发现,留守人口在关怀需求和关怀资源、关怀付出和关怀收获上存在着不对称;一种单一的、齐化的,以经济增长为衡量指标的发展主义意识形态成为判断标准,使得对留守人口的社会关怀不断的理性化、商品化。     

农村高龄老人的照料需求与照料供给分析

本文利用2005年"中国高龄老人健康长寿调查"跟踪调查的数据,通过对照料需求和照料供给的分析,揭示出农村高龄老人的照料现状并提出解决供需矛盾的对策。研究结果表明,我国农村地区有1/3的高龄老人需要他人提供某种日常生活方面的帮助,女性的照料需求高于男性。大多数农村高龄老人能够获得较为满意的家庭照料,但是社区照料基本处于空白,同时机构照料也处于发展的低级阶段。鉴于农村特殊的经济社会环境,应继续鼓励和支持家庭照料,大力发展机构照料,而探索适合农村地区的社区照料服务也刻不容缓。     

A comparison of midwife-led care versus obstetrician-led care for low-risk women in Japan

BackgroundContinuity of midwife-led care is recommended in maternity care because of its various positive outcomes. In Japan, midwife-led care is receiving broad attention as well. In order to popularise midwifery care within the entire system of perinatal care in Japan, there is a need to show evidence that continuity of midwife care for women will bring about positive outcomes.AimThe objectives of this study were to compare the health outcomes of women and infants who received midwife-led care with obstetrician-led care in Japan.MethodsThis was an observational study using non-random purposive sampling with a survey questionnaire. Settings where midwife-led care and obstetrician-led care were chosen by purposive samples. Participants were low-risk women who received antenatal care and delivered a term-singleton-infant at the participating settings during the research period. Measurements were: Women-centred care pregnancy questionnaire, Stein's maternity blues questionnaire, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.FindingsMidwife-led care was perceived by women to be beneficial and had no adverse outcomes compared to obstetrician-led care. Main findings are: (1) Perception of Women-centred care was higher; (2) Less premature rupture of membranes, and the Apgar scores of the infants were similar; (3) Exclusively breast-feeding during hospitalisation and at one-month postpartum; (4) Stein's maternity blues scale scores was lower in women who received midwife-led care than those who received obstetrician-led care.ConclusionsContinuity of midwife-led care was perceived by women to be beneficial and had no adverse outcomes. Therefore, midwife-led care in low-risk pregnancy could be applicable and recommended.     

留守儿童的监护现状与特点

立足于中国社会转型过程中产生大量留守儿童这一宏观背景,对我国中西部地区的10个农村社区中的留守儿童的监护现状与特点进行微观社会学研究。研究发现,留守儿童主要存在单亲监护、隔代监护、上代监护及同辈监护四种监护类型,而处于隔代监护下的留守儿童出现的问题最多。从监护人、学校和社区的角度出发,应增加社区家长学校中针对留守儿童家长的教育项目,改变外出父母及监护人的教育方式及观念,提高家长对子女教育问题的重视,唤起家长对子女进行全面教育的意识;农村社区建立生产和生活互助小组,帮助监护人减轻劳动负担的压力,使监护人有更多精力去照顾与关爱留守儿童的生活起居和学习。     

Paternal child care and children's development

This paper uses the NLSY-Child data to assess the effects on cognitive and social-emotional development of father care as a child care arrangement among children in two-parent families with working mothers. Our results show that father care for infants is no better or worse than other types of arrangements. However, toddlers in non-paternal modes of child care (e.g., relatives, family day care or center care) have slightly better cognitive outcomes than those whose fathers provided care. Although our analyses do not provide a definitive explanation for this finding, there is a substantial influx of fathers in our data who provide child care in years 2 and 3 and these fathers appear compositionally different from fathers who provided care during a child's infancy. In particular, there is some indication that these fathers who are newly providing care during a child's toddler years may be temporary care providers due to changing economic circumstances. The research was supported by NICHD grant #HD30944. Responsible editor: Deborah Cobb-Clark.     

我国老年照料服务体系构建及需求量预测——以上海为例

快速老龄化和独生子女家庭结构给我国老年照料服务带来严峻挑战,文章拟构建一个以家庭和社区为基础的照料服务体系来应对这一问题,并对其服务压力进行预测。将五种照料资源整合成为六种可以流转的照料模式,形成完整的照料体系,并采用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS)估算老年人口对每种照料模式的需求比例,加入独生子女政策的影响,以上海为例模拟老年照料服务需求量和结构的变化趋势。结果显示,上海老年照料服务需求总量在2020年前会经历一个快速增长阶段,相对于传统的养老体系,新体系的发展使养老和护理床位需求量分别减少约70%和75%。     

Determinants of prenatal health care utilisation by low-risk women: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundPrenatal health care is pivotal in providing adequate prevention and care to pregnant women.AimWe examined the determinants of inadequate prenatal health care utilisation by low-risk women in primary midwifery-led care in the Netherlands.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the population-based DELIVER study with 20 midwifery practices across the Netherlands in 2009 and 2010 as the experimental setting. The participants were 3070 pregnant women starting pregnancy care in primary midwifery care.FindingsWe collected patient-reported data on potential determinants of prenatal care utilisation derived from the Andersen model. Prenatal health care utilisation was measured by a revised version of the Kotelchuck Index, which measures a combination of care entry and number of visits. Low-risk pregnant women (not referred during pregnancy) were more likely to use prenatal care inadequately if they intended to deliver at a hospital, if they did not use folic acid adequately periconceptionally, or if they were exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy. Among those who were referred to secondary care, women reporting a chronic illnesses or disabilities, and women who did not use folic acid periconceptionally were more likely to make inadequate use of prenatal care.ConclusionInadequate prenatal health care use in primary midwifery care is more likely in specific groups, and the risk groups differ when women are referred to secondary care. The findings suggest routes that can target interventions to women who are at risk of not adequately using prenatal prevention and care services.