论浙江低生育水平的形成和稳定

自20世纪80年代初开始,浙江人口发展进入一个新的阶段,即总和生育率处于更替水平以下,目前已处于超低境地。浙江的低生育状况与全国有共同之处。又有其自身特点。浙江的生育水平虽然很低．隐藏着反弹的可能性,与全国同样有一个稳定低生育水平的问题。从浙江的实际出发,生育率应稳定在一个适当而合理的水平。稳定低生育水平的工作重心应放在温、丽、台、衢地区,在城市应加强社区建设。     

关于影响生育水平的因素及稳定低生育水平的对策分析

20世纪90年代末以来,我国育龄妇女的总和生育率已在更替水平以下,这是我国长期实行人口政策和经济发展的结果;但由于我国城乡之间、地区之间经济发展不平衡,以及计划生育部门的管理机制等原因,要保持和稳定目前这种低生育水平是艰巨的。本文从影响生育水平的若干因素、我国目前出现低生育水平的原因以及稳定低生育水平的难度出发,对稳定低生育水平提出了一定的对策建议。     

正视困难 与时俱进——前进中的海南省人口与计划生育工作

由于社会的、历史的、经济的、文化的以及自然条件等诸多因素影响,海南省的人口与计划生育工作曾长期处于被动、落后局面,与全国其他省市、地区相比,人口与计划生育工作一直存在着阶段性差距,目前仍然处于由高生育水平向低生育水平的过渡阶段。随着新时期我国人口与计划生育工作的不断深入发展,随着政府职能的逐步转变,新形势和新任务对人口与计划生育工作提出了新的要求和新的挑战。为了改变过去的落后面貌,适应新的工作需要,进一步做好人口与计划生育工作,2001年1月,海南省委、省政府研究制定了《贯彻落实<中共中央国务院关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定>的实施意见》,明确提出了全省人口与计划生育工作“三年打基础、五年上水平”的奋     

流动人口计划生育／生殖健康调查与思考

一、流动人口计划生育工作现状和面临的挑战流动人口计划生育事关我国低生育水平的稳定。流动人口的主体是处于生育旺盛期的农民工,是计划生育管理和服务工作的重点人群。根据国家统计局2004年抽样调查结果,我国农村外出务工劳动力已达1．18亿。84．5％以上为16-40岁的生育旺盛期的育龄人口。近年来     

稳定低生育水平面临的机遇与挑战

当前中国人口已处在低生育率阶段,但人口过多仍然是中国可持续发展的主要障碍,保持低生育率,调整人口规模和结构是今后长期的任务。本文结合当前实际分析了稳定低生育率面临的主要困难和有利条件。用定性和定量相结合方法从社会经济发展、生育观念的转变、“独生子女夫妇生育二孩”政策的兑现、生育率的水平及其地区差别等方面分析了中国人口的现状。指出城市化将成为２１世纪中国生育率下降空间拓展的主要动因。生育观念的转变,是长期稳定低生育率的直接必要基础。计划生育工作基础和取得的经验为稳定低生育率提供了有利的起点,而盲目乐观情绪不利于稳定低生育率。出生性别比偏高和人口老龄化是值得关注的重大问题。     

流动人口计划生育／生殖健康调查与思考

一、流动人口计划生育工作现状和面临的挑战 流动人口计划生育事关我国低生育水平的稳定。流动人口的主体是处于生育旺盛期的农民工，是计划生育管理和服务工作的重点人群。根据国家统计局2004年抽样调查结果，我国农村外出务工劳动力已达1．18亿。84．5％以上为16．40岁的生育旺盛期的育龄人口。近年来农民工中的已婚育龄妇女比例逐年上升，已接近30％。     

生育文明指标体系及其评价方法研究

生育文明建设是我国人口计生工作的一项重要内容,是稳定低生育水平、提高人口素质的客观需要,也是实现人与人、人与社会、人与自然和谐的有效途径之一。为做好生育文明建设工作,需要从宏观上审视生育文明的内涵、产生及发展,对生育文明建设现状进行合理的评价。为此,探讨生育文明指标体系及评价方法是十分必要的。     

发达地区稳定低生育水平研究——以杭州市为例

杭州市作为浙江省的政治、经济、科教、文化中心，同经济发展密切相关的人口与计划生育工作一直处于全省领先地位，生育水平已进入超低状态。面对杭州市低生育水平的状况及其趋势，应持什么态度，如何稳定这种来之不易的低生育水平，这是人们所共同关心的问题。     

稳定低生育水平的涵义和作用

一、稳定低生育水平的涵义　　中共中央国务院在2000年3月下发的“关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定”中指出,稳定低生育水平是今后一个时期重大而艰巨的任务,是未来人口与计划生育目标实现的重要手段。然而,稳定低生育水平的涵义是什么,其理论基础又是什么,这是应当界定和明确的问题。　　事实上,90年代中期当我国生育率水平刚步入低生育水平行列之时,不少专家学者即对我国的低生育率进行了较全面、系统的研究,其中既有低生育率的理论探讨,也有中国低生育率后果的方方面面的研究,取得了许多有建设性的、有现实意…     

新时期人口政策思考

目前,中国计划生育工作已经取得了巨大成绩,未来人口决策要考虑资源和环境等因素。21世纪初人口工作要抓住稳定低生育水平、提高人口素质、应对老龄化和加强流动人口管理与服务等重点。     

The Assessment of Quality of Life in Transitional Neighborhoods

Quality of life (QoL) is being considered as one of the fundamental concepts in contemporary era. It tries to assess the level of general welfare of the communities. Urban transitional neighborhoods possess specific situation and as a result present distinctive QoL. The major objective of this study is to identify and measure the QoL dimensions in urban transitional neighborhoods using both objective and subjective indices pertaining to Darvazeshemiran neighborhood of Tehran. In order to accomplish this and gather needed data, 244 questionnaires were distributed among Darvazeshemiran’s residents. This study suggests that there exists low level of QoL in the study area. That is 64.3 % of the residents were dissatisfied with the prevailing level of QoL. This in turn is associated with the transitional nature of this neighborhood. The residents were strongly dissatisfied with regard to the environmental qualification as opposed to accessibility status. Furthermore, this study identified five objective factors respectively regarding QoL. There exists low correlation between subjective and objective dimensions. That demands simultaneous consideration of both objective and subjective dimensions. It is argued that individual treatments of each could not accurately represent the QoL of residents.     

Work-Related Demands Emanating from Social Change and Their Relation to Trait-Like and Occasion-Specific Aspects of Subjective Well-Being

Following current macro-level social change people are increasingly confronted with new demands encompassing perceived uncertainties concerning their job and career prospects. Studies utilizing concurrent assessments showed that perceiving a high accumulation (“load”) of such demands is negatively related to individuals’ subjective well-being. Without further evidence the interpretation of the direction of these effects, however, is equivocal. Based on the concept that individuals have a rather stable trait-like level of subjective well-being from which they may vary when confronted with changes of the external ecology, the current study examined the relationship between the reported load of demands and subjective well-being assessed as general life satisfaction and average satisfaction in domains of life (i.e., family, work, finances, and leisure). We expected that a higher load of demands corresponds to a temporary decline in well-being, while at the same time differences in the stable trait-like level of well-being account for differences in the reported demand load. For the purpose of our study, we analyzed three annual waves of assessment of German adults aged between 18 and 43 years (N = 488). Utilizing a trait-state-occasion model, we separated trait-like aspects of well-being from occasion-specific deviations. Overall, our results confirmed our expectation that effects indeed run in both directions. The higher the reported load of work-related demands, the more respondents’ well-being negatively deviated from the stable trait-like level. Beyond that a higher trait-like level of well-being corresponded to a lower demand load. Both effects revealed almost equal strength and remained stable after controlling for participants’ employment status, family status, and educational attainment.     

Is Subjective Status Influenced by Psychosocial Factors?

Objective Associations between subjective status and health are still relatively unexplored. This study aimed at testing whether subjective status is uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors compared to objective status, and what factors that may predict subjective status. Design A cross-sectional analysis of a population-based, random sample of 795 middle-aged men and women from the southeast of Sweden. Questionnaires included subjective status, objective measures of socioeconomic status, life satisfaction, and a battery of psychosocial factors. Associations were controlled for effects of age and sex. Results Both subjective status and occupation were significantly associated with self-rated health also after control for psychosocial factors. Stepwise regression showed that subjective status was significantly influenced by self-rated economy, education, life satisfaction, self-esteem, trust, perceived control, and mastery. Conclusion The association between subjective status and self-rated health does not seem to be uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors. Both resource-based measures and psychological dimensions seem to influence subjective status ratings. Comparative studies are required to study whether predictors of subjective status vary between countries with different socio-political profiles.     

The perplexing links between contraceptive sterilization and (dis)advantage in ten low-fertility countries

This study investigated the association between contraceptive sterilization and socio-economic status (measured by educational attainment) in ten countries, using data from the 2006–10 National Survey of Family Growth and the 2004–10 Generations and Gender Surveys. The findings confirm that a long-standing association between socio-economic status and sterilization persists in the contemporary United States: female sterilization is associated with economic disadvantage, whereas male sterilization is associated with economic advantage. The latter association is found to be unique to the United States, but female sterilization is associated with disadvantage in most of the other countries studied. While basic demographic background factors such as early childbearing and parity can explain the observed associations in most of the countries, a strong gendered association between sterilization and socio-economic status remains in the United States and Belgium even after adjusting for these factors.     

Socioeconomic Differences in Multipartner Fertility Among Norwegian Men

This article analyzes male fertility, with a particular focus on multipartner fertility, for cohorts born 1955 to 1984 in Norway. We find that socioeconomically disadvantaged men have the lowest chance of becoming fathers and the lowest likelihood of fathering multiple children in stable unions. Multipartner fertility, on the other hand, is positively associated with both disadvantage and advantage: higher-order birth risks with a new partner are more prevalent among men with low as well as high socioeconomic status. An intervening factor among disadvantaged men may be a higher union dissolution risk, and an elevated risk among advantaged men may be associated with their higher preferences for children and other features that make these men more attractive to women as partners and fathers of future children.     

The simultaneous examination of economic and social factors in destination selection: Employing objective and subjective measures

This research examines the role of social and economic factors in the past selection of destinations made by migrants living in Rhode Island. Results indicate that social ties play a more important role in the selection of destinations with low levels of opportunity than they do in the movement to high opportunity areas. An important aspect of the study was the simultaneous investigation of both objective and subjective measures of social and economic factors in the selection of low and high growth destinations. The analysis suggests that the simultaneous consideration of objective and subjective factors provides a more refined accounting of the potential influence of social and economic factors in the selection of destinations. The findings hold when age is introduced as a control.     

我国老年人健康自评影响因素分析

健康自评是研究对象对自身健康的主观感受,是调查中经常运用的变量。健康自评能够反映健康状态的主观和客观两个方面,因此健康自评可以作为评价老年人健康状况的一个重要指标。采用2002年全国老年调查数据,做不同老年人群体的健康自评的差异性分析并进一步探究影响因素。旨在回答我国老年人健康自评的影响因素,对老年人自身和政策制定者提供参考依据。健康的生活方式对健康自评有积极的影响,身体的健康和健康自评有很强的相关性,老年人的社会人口学特征对健康自评影响十分有限。     

Relative Standing and Subjective Well-Being in South Africa: The Role of Perceptions,Expectations and Income Mobility

Most studies that explore the impact of relative standing on subjective well-being use objective measures of the individual’s relative position, such as the mean income of the reference group or the individual’s ranking in the relevant income distribution. In this paper, using a new household survey from South Africa, we are able to derive subjective measures of relative standing, as information is collected on individuals’ perceptions of where they rank in the income distribution. We find considerable differences between objective and subjective measures of an individual’s relative ranking. Furthermore, our results suggest that an individual’s perceived relative status has a significantly larger effect on subjective well-being than objective measures of relative status based on reported income. We also examine the effects on subjective well-being of how individuals perceive their relative position in the income distribution to have changed since childhood, and what they expect their relative position to be in the future. We find that future upward mobility has a smaller effect than upward mobility compared to one’s past, suggesting that life satisfaction is influenced more by what has been achieved than by anticipated achievements.     

建国以来农村老年保障的历史沿革、特点及成因

老年保障是指家庭或社会为老年人提供经济和服务等方面的支持。从经济支持的角度讲 ,建国以来农村老年保障经历了建国初的家庭保障、人民公社的集体保障、80年代至今的以家庭保障为主、保障多元化等三个时期。由于经济发展水平、城乡二元社会结构、非平衡发展战略及事实上存在的等级制度 ,城乡老年保障存在巨大差别。农村老年保障形成了相关政策法规不健全、以家庭保障为主、保障水平不高的特点     

Does Female Disadvantage Mean Lower Access to Food?

The literature on gender differentials in nutrition demonstrates that the calorie intake of females is generally as adequate as that of males at all ages. Female disadvantage in micronutrient intake is, however, frequent. Pregnant and lactating women are disadvantaged relative to both men and other women. In South Asia there is evidence that boys are advantaged over girls in food intake at some ages, but the evidence for male advantage in access to health care is far stronger. The authors argue that nutrition interventions are best targeted when the incidence of female disadvantage is better understood and, similarly, that interventions to improve women's status should be focused on objectives other than calorie intake in most communities. However, standards for measuring adequacy incorporate norms for female body size and physical activity that may uncritically accept the notion that females are more physically passive. Maintaining adequacy by these standards could perpetuate low levels of female functioning.