Culture: A Possible Predictor of Morality for African American Adolescents

This study examined the ways in which cultural orientation (communalism and material well‐being) and empathy influence the moral reasoning of African American middle to late adolescents. Specifically, this study utilized path analysis to investigate Ward's (1995) hypothesis that a communal orientation would promote morality among African American adolescents, while a material well‐being orientation would mitigate against it. In addition, it was hypothesized that empathy would mediate the relationship between cultural orientation and moral reasoning. Thirty‐seven high school students and 35 college students participated in the study. Results revealed that communalism was a significant predictor of empathy. Despite prediction, communalism and material well‐being were not predictors of moral reasoning. The findings did not yield support for empathy functioning as a mediator between communalism and moral reasoning. These findings are discussed in terms of previous findings, methodological limitations, and implications for future research.     

高校学生干部情绪智力领导力研究

提高高校学生干部领导力教育的针对性和有效性,应当着力于把握当前中国高校学生干部的领导力水平。对1238名高校学生干部的抽样调查发现,中国高校学生干部的情绪智力领导力总体处于中等水平,且存在不同类别高校、学科、学历、年级、性别等方面的差异。因此,相比"211"高校,普通高校更应加强学生干部领导力的培养;在开展高校学生干部领导力教育的过程中,应考虑大学生的学科差异、性别差异等因素;大学生干部领导力教育应加强情境认知能力的环境觉知和团队洞察方面的内容;加快研究适合中国高校大学生领导力教育的理论和评估工具,以更好地指导大学生领导力教育的实践。     

Morality and Sexual Issues in Older Adolescent Females

A follow-up study to Carol Gilligan’s work in female adolescent moral development was conducted in the presentation of a hypothetical moral sexual situation to eight older, culturally diverse adolescent females in their first year of college. The naming of a “Good Friend’s” conflict and the personal moral reasoning of the interviewees were audiotaped, transcribed and analyzed using a sequence of four readings as subscribed by Gilligan and her associates. Examples of Justice reasoning, a Care reasoning, and an Integrated moral reasoning are presented along with suggestions for educators and therapists.     

大学生领导力发展的影响因素研究

目前,学术界虽然对大学生领导力还没有完全统一的定义,但是在对价值观对大学生领导力作用上的认识上却十分一致。价值观被视为大学生领导力发展的核心。价值观之所以重要至此,是因为领导过程是一个影响别人的过程,领导者比其追随者更有权力,因此要对他们影响追随者的方式承担巨大的道义责任。领导者在建立组织的伦理氛围中扮演了关键角色,这也要求他们能特别敏锐地察觉他们所推崇的价值观和理念。所以价值观是大学生领导力发展关键的部分,在大学生领导力的发展中起到统领作用,有抱负的领导者需要发展伦理思考能力、批判性分析道德的能力、整合不同价值观传统的能力、沟通能力和与下属建立信任的能力。     

Building a legacy of volunteers through servant leadership: A cause‐related sporting event

This study explores the leadership style of the founder of a cause‐related sporting event and investigates the effects of this style on motivating volunteers. The National Kidney Foundation Surf Festival, established more than twenty‐five years ago to benefit people with kidney disease, was selected as an extreme case because of the event's longevity and success. Data were collected through semi‐structured personal interviews, document analysis, and personal observation. Results indicated that the founder is a servant leader. Three key themes of servant leadership, and its influence on volunteer motivation, emerged from the data: generating a shared vision dedicated to helping others, building a caring and loving community, and creating the freedom and resources for followers to become servants themselves. Our findings also indicated that the spiritual and moral tenets of servant leadership are applicable to secular nonprofit organizations.     

The role of ethical leadership in building influence: Perspectives from female public relations professionals

Practices of ethical leadership in public relations can be context-specific and they can influence organizational effectiveness. By conducting a national survey, this study examines female public relations professionals’ perspectives on ethical leadership. The results suggest that the majority of female professionals feel ready and confident in providing ethics counseling as needed. Most importantly, the highest ranked public relations leaders’ ethical conduct help reinforce female professionals’ ethical practice. Female professionals indicate it is necessary to use multiple strategies to build and enact influence as an ethical leader in public relations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Moral Reasoning in Interactional Context: Strategic Uses of Care and Justice Arguments in Mediation Hearings*

Previous studies of moral reasoning have treated moral reasoning as a product of the individual. This article extends the study of moral reasoning by analyzing its use in strategic interaction. I analyze how participants in a naturally occurring situation of conflict use moral arguments strategically and negotiate over the types of arguments that are acceptable. Gilligan's Care and Justice modes of moral reasoning are identified in participants' justifications for positions taken in nine videotaped mediation hearings. I found that participants may use both modes of reasoning during the course of a hearing, and that the type of moral argument used is often a response to the actions of other participants. Strategic uses of moral arguments included shifting mode to challenge or support another's position, bridging a difference in mode between two disputants, and shifting mode to refocus the topic. Because of their institutional and interactional roles in the hearings, mediators play a major role in negotiations over mode of moral reasoning.     

Morality and Sexual Issues in Older Adolescent Females

A follow-up study to Carol Gilligan's work in female adolescent moral development was conducted in the presentation of a hypothetical moral sexual situation to eight older, culturally diverse adolescent females in their first year of college. The naming of a Good Friend's conflict and the personal moral reasoning of the interviewees were audiotaped, transcribed and analyzed using a sequence of four readings as subscribed by Gilligan and her associates. Examples of Justice reasoning, a Care reasoning, and an Integrated moral reasoning are presented along with suggestions for educators and therapists.     

Drawing on revisionist economics to explain the inspirational dimension of leadership

Hermalin’s (1998) model of leadership by example makes leadership amenable to conventional economic analysis by excluding the possibility that leader rhetoric can have an inspirational effect that induces followers to increase the effort they exert in team situations. This effect is also ignored by Casson (1991) who demonstrates that leader rhetoric can reduce opportunism through the moral manipulation of shame and guilt. The general propositions that Elster (1998) advanced with regard to the relationship between the emotions and decision making are applied in a theory which explains the inspirational dimension of leadership in terms of the way leaders rhetoric strengthens the hopes and counters the disappointments of followers.     

意见领袖视角下大学生网络领导力实现途径

意见领袖的要素是影响者、接受者和信息媒介,实质是影响力的实现。在信息社会背景下,网络意见领袖的出现,促进了网络领导力的发展。大学生是网络的生力军和意见领袖的重要群体,大学生网络领导力成为重要的研究领域。网络是大学生领导力实现的途径．大学生网络领导力的特征是价值理念文化性、工具技能时代性、影响渠道虚拟性、影响模式单一性、影响效果即时性和指导绩效发展性;影响因素有渠道与理念、工具与技能、环境与信息、指导与奖惩;研究领域更加系统化．研究范式是实证与质性相结合。     

Leadership in education: Effective U.K. college principals

College leaders face increasing challenges to manage complex responsibilities. They must possess a wide variety of managerial and leadership skills to be successful in academic environments, which are beginning to resemble more traditional organizational frameworks. The study examined in this article explored the relationships among managerial style, organizational climate, and several measures of college‐student performance with a sample of British further education college principals (similar to U.S. community college presidents). While considering the influence of various background factors, such as the size of the college, student funding, and years of experience, several significant relationships emerged demonstrating a significant association between principals' managerial behaviors and measures of college and student performance.     

Transformational and transactional leadership styles,followers' positive and negative emotions,and performance in German nonprofit orchestras

Although the transformational‐transactional leadership paradigm has received increased attention from the research community over the past two decades, the nonprofit sector has been largely neglected. This study provides information about the effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles in the domain of German nonprofit orchestras, while exploring the role of emotions within these leadership styles. We examined musicians' perceptions of their orchestra conductors' leadership behaviors and related those behaviors to performance. Positive emotions were associated with both transactional and transformational leadership. Negative emotions partially mediated the influence of transformational leadership on performance. In combination, the results allow a more thorough and detailed understanding of effective leadership behavior in nonprofit organizations.     

Age Changes in Prosocial Responding and Moral Reasoning in Adolescence and Early Adulthood

Age changes' measures of prosocial responding and reasoning were examined. Participants' reports of helping, empathy‐related responding, and prosocial moral reasoning were obtained in adolescence (from age 15–16 years) and into adulthood (to age 25–26 years). Perspective taking and approval/interpersonal oriented/stereotypic prosocial moral reasoning increased from adolescence into adulthood, whereas personal distress declined. Helping declined and then increased (a cubic trend). Prosocial moral judgment composite scores (and self‐reflective empathic reasoning) generally increased from late adolescence into the early 20s (age 17–18 to 21–22) but either leveled off or declined slightly thereafter (i.e., showed linear and cubic trends); rudimentary needs‐oriented reasoning showed the reverse pattern of change. The increase in self‐reflective empathic moral reasoning was for females only. Thus, perspective taking and some aspects of prosocial moral reasoning—capacities with a strong sociocognitive basis—showed the clearest increases with age, whereas simple prosocial proclivities (i.e., helping, sympathy) did not increase with age.     

Luce Irigaray,Sexual Difference and Theorizing Leaders and Leadership

In the study of leaders and leadership men and women are presumed to be interchangeable. We read as if leaders have no sex, and we view the still prevailing use of the pronoun ‘he’ as an anachronism. However, it is quite apparent that the ‘who’ of the leader remains male no matter how carefully egalitarian the use of the pronouns. In our formulation of who the leader is, and what leadership is about, the same has triumphed over the different, the sexually indifferent or the One over the sexually different, to use the terms of Luce Irigaray. If the heroine rather than only the hero is to be represented, a new symbolic structure must be created if new ways of thinking about the leader and of leadership are to be thought which create a space for women other than as imitation men or excavated women. This article explores the Irigarayan notion of the absent, unrepresented she, the ‘not-yet’ of woman which lies both in the subversion of the metaphysical order and the invention of not ‘neither one nor two’, and the impact of this theorizing would have on loosening the bonds of domination and subordination which confine the leader and leadership theory.     

Which Leadership Constructs Are Important for Predicting Job Satisfaction,Affective Commitment,and Perceived Job Performance in Profit versus Nonprofit Organizations?

As an integrative research effort, the present study critically analyzed the relative importance of six leadership constructs—(1) transformational, (2) transactional, (3) laissez‐faire, (4) consideration, (5) initiating structure, and (6) leader‐member exchange (LMX)—as predicting indicators of leadership effectiveness in the for‐profit versus the nonprofit sector. Based on data from seven samples from the for‐profit and nonprofit sectors, the unique effects of the six leadership constructs were tested on three criteria of leadership effectiveness on the individual level: job satisfaction, affective commitment, and perceived job performance. The results for the for‐profit samples revealed that LMX was the most important aspect for explaining variance in job satisfaction, and initiating structure was most important for commitment. In the nonprofit samples, LMX was the most important aspect of job satisfaction and transformational leadership for commitment. In both for‐profit and nonprofit organizations, initiating structure had the strongest unique impact on perceived job performance. We discuss implications for current leadership research and practical implications.     

Parent and Child Similarities in Divorcing and Non-Divorcing Families

Abstract

It is frequently assumed that the model of their parents' marriage exerts a significant influence on the next generation, but little has been done to examine the part played by personality characteristics of parents and children. This longitudinal study examines the relative contribution of parental divorce, parents' marital (dyadic) satisfaction, conflict resolution style and selected personality qualities on children's personality qualities and self-image as adolescents and adults, and their dyadic satisfaction and conflict resolution style as adults. The samples were 67 adolescents from divorcing and intact families and their parents. Parents and children were interviewed when the children were aged 13-16, and the divorcing families were at the point of divorce. The children were followed up over 10 years until aged 23-26. At Year 1 the parents completed the anxiety, depression, sensitivity and submissiveness scales of the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (NSQ), the Spanier Dyadic Satisfaction Scale, and a conflict resolution scale, and made an appraisal of their children's socio-emotional maturity. Adolescents also completed the NSQ and a measure of self-image (Offer Self-Image Questionnaire: OSIQ). Ten years later the children again completed the NSQ and the OSIQ, and those who were currently in a dyadic relationship completed the Spanier and the conflict resolution scales. There were no differences on any measures between the children from divorced and intact homes. Husbands and wives were in reasonable agreement about their dyadic satisfaction and conflict resolution style, but no relationship was found between these and the corresponding self-reports of their adult children. Over the ten years of the study, mother and father depression predicted child depression, mothers' sensitivity predicted childrens' (and especially daughters') sensitivity, and fathers' lack of sensitivity predicted sons' submissiveness. The parents' appraisal of their adolescents' socio-emotional maturity at Year 1 predicted their children's self-image at Years 1 and 10, and their conflict resolution at Year 10; while self-image at Year 10 predicted contemporary Spanier scores. The findings are discussed in the light of current debates on the contribution of personality qualities to divorce and its sequelae for children.     

Why Adoption? Gay,Lesbian, and Heterosexual Adoptive Parents’ Reproductive Experiences and Reasons for Adoption

This study aimed to explore the experiences of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual adoptive parents from 130 families. Parents’ reproductive experiences prior to adoption and their reasons for choosing to adopt were compared. Heterosexual couples were more likely to have experienced infertility than same-sex couples. Same-sex couples were more likely to prefer adoption over other routes to parenthood. Parents in all three family types selected their route to parenthood according to normative expectations, attitudes to biogenetic parenthood, ease of access, and moral reasoning. Same-sex couples’ decisions were enabled by the non-discriminatory sociolegal context of the United Kingdom.     

Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, Organizational Effectiveness, and Programme Outcomes in Non-Governmental Organizations

This study examines whether transformational leadership influences organizational culture that furthers NGOs?? effectiveness. It also examines whether transformational leadership at the top directly influences NGOs?? effectiveness. Further, it tests whether NGO effectiveness improves the programme outcomes in terms of health, income, education, and happiness of villagers. Data were collected from 312 NGOs in Jharkhand state (India). Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and NGO effectiveness were assessed from NGO personnel using standard instruments, and programme outcomes on health, income, education, and happiness were evaluated from villagers using wooden cubes. Findings reveal that transformational leadership builds organizational culture that furthers NGO effectiveness. Transformational leadership does not influence directly NGO effectiveness but it enhances NGO effectiveness promoting organizational culture. Furthermore, NGO effectiveness improves the outcomes of programmes undertaken by NGOs in terms of better health, income, education, and happiness of beneficiaries.     

Transformational leadership behavior,emotions, and outcomes: Health psychology perspective in the workplace

The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate the transformational leadership styles, emotions, and organizational outcomes among different professionals in different sectors. The transformational leadership and emotions theories were utilized and tested in a sample of 128 leaders in Sweden. The main objectives of the study are (1) to determine which of the transformational leadership styles (TLS) are best at predicting effective outcomes (OUT) of extra effort by employees (EXE), leader effectiveness (EFE) and job satisfaction (SAT) and (2) to examine which TLS predict significant positive emotions (TEMO). Results of the study reveal that TLS and most of the outcome scales (SAT, EXE, SAT) are positively and significantly correlated. Charisma (C) and idealized influence (II) are not correlated with EFE. The results further supported that inspirational motivation leaders behavior could produce greater amounts of SAT (r?=?.54**), EXE (r?=?.41**). Individualized consideration (IC) also generates great SAT, r?=?.42. The study also found that only inspirational motivation (I) and intellectual stimulator leadership styles made a significance for TEMO such as being enthusiastic, hopeful, proud, happy, attentive, and inspiring with β?=?26 and β?=?17, respectively. Inspirational transformational leaders’ behavior and emotions are the most capable in increasing the organizational overall outcomes by boosting employees’ job satisfaction, additional effort, and effectiveness. Hence, these improve and enhance the mental and psychological health inside and outside the workplace.     

Associations between measures of health-related physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in college students

abstract

Objective: To determine the influence of health-related fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in college students. Participants: 75 traditional students (33 men and 42 women, 21.8±1.8 years old) at a university in southeastern U.S. Methods: Height, weight, waist circumference, body composition, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, c-reactive protein, and glucose tolerance were measured. Indices of insulin sensitivity were calculated. Aerobic and muscular fitness were measured. Regression and correlation analyses, and comparisons of cardiometabolic markers in low- vs high-fit participants were performed. Results: Men and women with low muscular fitness exhibited higher fasting insulin, and poorer insulin sensitivity index scores than those with high muscular fitness. In addition, women with high body fat percentage exhibited higher fasting and 2-hour insulin levels and lower insulin sensitivity index scores than those with low body fat percentages. Conclusions: College students possessing low levels of health-related physical fitness exhibited less favorable cardiometabolic risk profiles.