孤残儿童城乡家庭寄养模式探讨——四川成都家庭寄养

儿童福利院的孩子在婴幼儿时期即被家庭所遗弃,在儿童福利院这一特殊环境下生活、学习、成长,这一特殊群体——孤残儿童,除了要面对身体上的残疾,还要背负由于特殊背景造成的心理障碍,他们无法同有家庭的儿童一样在小家庭、大社会中生活、成长,而家庭寄养可以弥补这个缺陷。它有助于孤残儿童各种适应能力和生存能力的培养和发展。     

教育在集体供养机构中的作用

进入新世纪以来,中国的发展速度举世瞩目。在物质生活和精神生活水平都不断提高的同时,孤残儿童的成长与生活受到了国家和社会各界的关注,孤残儿童的生活环境得到了显著改善。除了生活环境得到改善以外,孤残儿童的受教育问题也同样得到了重视。 一直以来人们普遍认为身体残疾、智力落后是福利院孩子的明显特征。事实上除一些先天愚形、和一些先天性智力障碍的孩子以外,大多数孩子(包括一些肢体残疾的孩子)的智力都是比较正常     

生成图式与反思理性——解析布迪厄的知识社会学理论

知识社会学思想是布迪厄社会学理论的有机组成部分,也是理解他的整个社会学研究工作的重要线索。布迪厄借用现象学概念,对知识与社会的关系等问题进行重新诠释,并为当代知识社会学的解释模式注入了新的活力。本文认为,布迪厄对知识社会学理论的贡献主要体现在以下两个方面：第一,借鉴现象学认识论,将人类的思维原则述作“生成图式”或“信念”,用二重性表述替代了认知范畴与社会范畴的二元对立;第二,通过对“实践知识”与“科学（含社会学）知识”遵循的相异逻辑进行说明,探讨了客观真知的生成所倚赖的具体社会条件。     

构建贫困唇腭裂儿童的社会救助机制

贫困唇腭裂儿童的生存现状 家庭极度贫困。贫困唇腭裂儿童是一个非常特殊的群体,他们一方面面临病痛的折磨和心灵的孤寂,另一方面却因为家庭贫困而无力改变现状。当贫困与疾病相结合,孩子连最基本的生存权、受教育权利和接受医疗服务的权利都难以得到保证。     

福利院儿童自尊与情绪适应性研究

引言 自尊和情绪适应性是出现在儿童时期与青少年时期的两个非常重要的问题。长期以来,我国的许多研究者就这两个问题进行了广泛而深入的研究,但研究对象大多限于正常家庭环境下生活的儿童和青少年。本研究试图以福利院儿童为研究对象,来探寻这一特殊生活环境中成长的儿童所具有的自尊和社会适应性特点,以期对儿童福利院工作人员的工作实践有所启发。     

唇腭裂儿童照顾者性别差异研究

本文通过对"重生行动"所收集的问卷资料和访谈资料的分析,发现唇腭裂儿童的照顾者不仅存在性别差异,同时还面临各种压力。本文着重论述唇腭裂儿童的照顾者存在的性别差异状况,并从文化和社会性别的角度分析出现这种状况的原因。另外从"重生行动"社会心理支持服务计划所开展的实践活动入手,探讨社会工作在唇腭裂儿童照顾者中的介入情况及其作为。     

论信用研究的逻辑思路

从经济关系与伦理关系的统一中认识信用关系是信用研究的逻辑起点,从社会存在与社会实践的客观要求上把握信用生成基础以及从原有观念作用机制与现实社会变化发展实践的尖锐冲突中分析信用缺失根源是信用研究的基本逻辑行程,从经济社会发展的伦理、制度和环境要求中思考信用重建是信用研究的逻辑终点.     

城市留守儿童家庭教育困境的应对策略

对于孩子的成长而言,家长的教育也是不可缺少的教育,家长是学生的第一任老师,家庭是孩子重要的港湾,只有在温暖且具有管束的家庭中孩子才能接受最好的教育,茁长成长,身心健全。但是在实际的生活中许多孩子的家庭并不完整,家长因一些情况不能陪伴在孩子身边,逐渐让孩子变为留守儿童,这样会让孩子的身心受到影响,缺乏关爱,性格孤僻,严重会让孩子出现心理问题。本文针对现在社会中的实际现象展开研究,希望能够有效缓解儿童家庭的教育困境。     

儿童福利主任：孩子们的园丁

儿童福利主任在孩子们的心目中,不仅仅是传授知识的老师,还是能够促膝交谈的朋友和游戏玩耍的伙伴。他们所要做的,是根据不同的儿童和不同的家庭环境,利用自己手中的一切资源,发挥自己的能力,为儿童创造更好的发展空间,让每一个孩子都过上健康、快乐和幸福的生活。儿童福利主任所接触的孩子很多都身处困境,他们不仅在身体上饱受折磨,而且在精神上承受着常人难以想象的压力。对于这些孩子所承受的苦难,     

对症下药地解决孤儿心理问题

作为一名从事儿童福利事业的工作者，应该把握每个孩子的家庭背景，分析了解他们的具体情况，剖析他们的内心世界，解决他们的心理障碍。对于孤儿的心理特征需要采取相应的对策，让每个孩子都能回到正常的生活轨道上来，健康茁壮地成长。     

Beyond Husserl and Schütz. Hermann Schmitz and Neophenomenological Sociology

Phenomenological sociology is one of the most recognized approaches for explaining the constitution of social behaviour and the construction of social reality. To this day, phenomenological sociology usually belongs to the tradition of Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology and to Alfred Schütz's mundane phenomenology, thus generally presenting itself as sociology of lifeworld, sociology of everyday life, and sociology of knowledge. In contrast to this, this paper intends to outline an alternative kind of phenomenological sociology that finds its philosophical foundation in Hermann Schmitz's “New Phenomenology”. With regards especially to Schmitz's theory of the felt body (“Leib”) and his theory of situation, the basic principles of Neophenomenological Sociology (NPS) will be introduced. Their main components are (1) felt body and affective involvement as the pre-personal apriori of sociality, (2) felt-bodily communication as the basic unit of sociality, and (3) joint situations as the socio-ontological foundation and empirical manifestation of sociality. With these specific key concepts, NPS proves itself to be a socio-theoretical approach whose foremost strength is that it can identify and properly analyse the pathic dimensions of social behaviour and social situations that social sciences tend to overlook.     

Experiential Logic in the Transformation of Contemporary China’s Social Governance*

How does Chinese society maintain its orderly operation and show stability and harmony to the utmost while China rapidly transforms its economic system and international circumstances become increasingly complicated? This is an important question that this essay tries to answer, and the analysis mainly involves the exploratory practice of the transformation of Chinese social governance. This exploratory practice is a process through which China constantly breaks through the traditional blockades of vested interests, overcomes newly formed challenges, and forms a new Chinese-style “one axis and multiple components” pattern of social governance during its rapid re-establishment of both social relationship structure and social psychology order on the unbalanced and insufficient conditions of development within its vast territory. During this process, the constant return to the CPC’s mass line, as well as the “mechanism of reversed transmission of pressure,” the “anticipation-led mechanism” and the “mechanism of turning crisis into opportunity” that the CPC has improved during its long-term revolutionary struggles and its deepening of reform and opening-up, has played an important part. The simplistic duplication of Western theoretical analytic paradigms cannot explain the experiential mechanism for the transformation of social governance, which is peculiar to China. The creation of research framework of “system and life” is just an effort for comparison and dialogues with Western classical theories. It is not only helpful for the development of sociology about Chinese transformation, but will provide new knowledge for worldwide social transformation.     

教育知识与圣俗二分：从涂尔干到伯恩斯坦

“知识是一种社会建构”命题是涂尔干研究人类总体知识的落脚点,也是伯恩斯坦理解教育知识的社会性质的起点。本文试图重新理解涂尔干这一重要却不断被误解的命题,从“圣俗二分假想”入手,还原涂尔干知识社会学背后的问题意识,并呈现伯恩斯坦对圣俗二分的思考。研究发现,伯恩斯坦一方面继承和推进了涂尔干对知识及其社会基础的思考,从双重社会性假设出发阐释了教育知识的分类原则,另一方面也阐明了圣俗二分所蕴含的教育解放的可能性。     

社会的生产

在当今全球化的潮流中,国家权力和市场联袂登台,携手推进商品化。这个急剧扩展的进程将经济（和政治)领域极大地膨胀起来,挤压了社会领域。这就迫使“保卫社会”成为当代社会学的核心议题。不过,在中国市场转型期的独特背景下,由于以往的“再分配体制”从根本上压抑了自组织的社会生活,因此,“生产社会”而不是“保卫社会”成为第一位的任务,它既是一个社会实践的任务,也是社会学认知的任务。同样由于历史条件的独特聚集,“生产社会”表现为二重性,即我们不得不在同一个时空条件下,将波拉尼意义上的“能动社会”与葛兰西意义上的“公民社会”共同地生产出来。此种社会生产的特殊性决定了人们在社会行动的层面上必须同时打造“阶级”和打造“公民”。本文旨在说明“社会生产”的二重机制,并借以探讨“公民社会”的微观基础。     

The Meaning of Meaning in Sociology. The Achievements and Shortcomings of Alfred Schutz's Phenomenological Sociology

Phenomenological sociology was founded at the beginning of 1930s by Alfred Schutz. His mundane phenomenology sought to combine impulses drawn from Husserl's transcendental phenomenology and Weber's action theory. It was made famous at the turn of 1960s and 1970s by Garfinkel's ethnomethodology and Berger & Luckmann's social constructionism. This paper deals with the notable accomplishments of Schutz and his followers and then proceeds to a shared shortcoming, which is that the phenomenological approach is unable to understand meaning in any other way but as actors's knowledge. Therefore, phenomenological sociologists are forced to describe the actor's interpretations of meaning as transparent to the actor him/herself, even if they sometimes make heroic attempts to escape the limitations of the phenomenological conception. The limitation is apparent in Husserl's and Schutz's definition of meaning as a “reflective intentional act”, Garfinkel's use of the term “accounting” to refer to a signifying effect, and the way Berger and Luckmann describe their social theory as “sociology of knowledge”. Today, similar confusions are present in Michael Polanyi's “tacit knowledge”and in Giddens' structuration theory.     

Learning from parents: A qualitative interview study on how parents experience their journey through the Dutch child protection system

The quality of parents' experiences with the child protection system (CPS) is related to the outcomes of their family's process in the system. The importance of collaboration with parents in child protection is underpinned by human and children's rights conventions addressing the right for family life and parents being first responsible in fulfilling children's rights. We interviewed 20 parents about their experiences with the Dutch CPS. Our thematic analysis shows that a CPS serving the best interests of their children is most important to parents. To realize this, professionals should (1) “not let it happen but do something,” (2) “get a clear picture of the family's situation,” and (3) “take parents seriously.” Parents emphasize that a system providing sufficient “money, time, and knowledge” is needed to facilitate professionals. Their experiences seem to influence their trust in the system and their attitude towards it. This study shows new insights in parents' experiences, such as their advice to professionals to determine the truth and to be decisive. This deepened knowledge about parents' experiences is essential for evaluating and improving the CPS.     

中国大陆社会心理学适应性重建初探--基于社会转型期知识社会学的视角

以社会转型为背景,以知识社会学为视角,梳理当前中国大陆社会心理学的两种主要范式———“实验社会心理学”与“本土（化）社会心理学”,揭示其与本土“历史—社会现实”的疏离状况,进而对其本体论的缺陷进行反思与批判,探讨以消解疏离为目标、以“本土（化）社会心理学”为基底、以“社会转型”为基本背景框架与研究内容、以本体论的重构为切入点与着力点的大陆社会心理学重建之路。     

芝加哥舞女、中国洗衣工与北平囚犯:都市中的陌生人

本文指出，受齐美尔“陌生人”命题启发的“边缘人”概念，体现了形式社会学与美国实用主义在芝加哥学派理论中的交融，并催生了以考察个体生命史为核心的研究方法。通过比较二十世纪初芝加哥学派的学者运用生命史的视角对三类都市陌生人（芝加哥舞女、中国洗衣工与北平囚犯）的研究，本文考察不同人群的新旧历程及其进入都市新生活的不同状态。研究发现，无论是身处异国的中国洗衣工，还是背井离乡进入城市生活并沦为罪犯的中国农民，都不能以“边缘人”抛弃乡土与家族的个体化方式进入都市生活。文章最后尝试以帕克对“文明”的讨论来解释现代个体进入都市生活时呈现的不同状态。     

Intensity,moderation, and the pressures of expectation: Calculation and coercion in the street-level practice of welfare conditionality

This article offers a street-level perspective on welfare conditionality as it was practiced in contracted-out UK activation programs between 2008 and 2015. Drawing on observation and in-depth interviews, the article illustrates the ways that behavioral conditionality provided street-level workers with the means to intensify or moderate activation for particular claimants. Responding to arguments about the curtailment of street-level discretion, the article argues that in the particular context of target-driven, work-first, and otherwise highly constrained services, discretion resided in the ability to intensify or moderate conditionality and its coercive potential—in decisions about how, on whom, and to what extent it would be applied. The article argues that attending to this form of discretion provides an alternative frame through which to view the differentiated treatment typically understood as “creaming” and “parking.” In so doing, the article problematizes accounts that draw clear lines between calculative, normative, and dispositional forms of street-level reason and practice. It shows how advisors' responses to the “street-level calculus of choice” were articulated in terms of expectation, where attempts at future-oriented calculation necessarily entailed making other forms of speculative and normative judgement about claimants and their situations. The article thus contributes to an understanding of both the causes and meaning of differentiated treatment in conditional welfare services.     

National Identity,Citizenship and Immigration: Putting Identity in Context

In this paper we suggest that there is a need to examine what is meant by “context” in Social Psychology and present an example of how to place identity in its social and institutional context. Taking the case of British naturalisation, the process whereby migrants become citizens, we show that the identity of naturalised citizens is defined by common‐sense ideas about Britishness and by immigration policies. An analysis of policy documents on “earned citizenship” and interviews with naturalised citizens shows that the distinction between “elite” and “non‐elite” migrants is evident in both the “reified” sphere of policy and the “common sense” sphere of everyday identity construction. While social representations embedded in lay experience construct ethno‐cultural similarity and difference, immigration policies engage in an institutionalised positioning process by determining migrants' rights of mobility. These spheres of knowledge and practice are not disconnected as these two levels of “managing otherness” overlap—it is the poorer, less skilled migrants, originating outside the West who epitomise difference (within a consensual sphere) and have less freedom of mobility (within a reified sphere). We show that the context of identity should be understood as simultaneously psychological and political.