Managed Care for High-Risk Populations

A review of studies of managed medical care demonstration programs for high-risk populations shows that, though there have been many such programs, they appear to have limited effects. Programs have often been characterized by conceptual inconsistency, about the nature of managed care, and limited goals, related mostly to cost savings. Program evaluations have often been methodologically weak. Insofar as the managed care programs have affected costs, medical care utilization patterns, or quality, the effects have been limited to subsets of the high-risk populations studied. Though managed care programs may have the same kinds of benefits for high-risk populations as they do for general working populations, they also entail substantial risk. Inferences from general to high-risk populations should be made cautiously and demonstration programs should be implemented only with careful attention to ethical, legal, and medical concerns.     

The Impact of Administration on Aging Funding on Gerontology Instruction

Financial support of gerontology instruction by the federal government has been available for 20 years. The impact of one federal agency's training grants is assessed through a survey of campuses that have received grants and those that have not. Funding has not been received by most campuses that currently offer gerontology instructional programs, but those that have received grants continue to offer instruction long after the grants have been completed.     

Immigrant "quality" in Canada: more direct evidence of human capital content, 1956-1994

"This article provides direct evidence about educational attainments of new arrivals in Canada over the period 1956 to 1994.... Immigrant data are also compared with the educational attainment of the Canadian-born population in corresponding periods.... Results show that, in the total immigrant inflows of any subperiod since 1956, the percentages of those with high school education or less have been declining and have been lower than those for the Canadian-born population, while the percentages of those with university degrees have been rising and have been higher than those for the Canadian-born population."     

Studying Social Movements: Challenges and Opportunities for Participant Observation

The research method of participant observation has long been used by scholars interested in the motivations, dynamics, tactics and strategies of social movements from a movement perspective. Despite participant observation being a common research method, there have been very few efforts to bring together this literature, which has often been spread across disciplines. This makes it difficult to identify the various challenges (and their interrelation) facing participant observers. Consequently, this article first reviews how participant observation roles have been conceptualised in general and then draws specific links to how the method has been used in the study of activism and social movements. In doing so, this article brings together key academic debates on participant observation, which have been considered separately, such as insider/outsider and overt/covert, but not previously been brought together.     

Social capital and lifelong learning

Social capital and lifelong learning have each been centralto government policy concerns in Britain and both have beencentrally relevant to policy debates on regeneration, and developmentmore broadly. There have been widespread assumptions about theconnections between     

Two approaches to the improvement of low-income urban areas — Madras and Orangi

Slums or squatter settlements have long been recognised as a major urban problem in India and Pakistan. Until recently, public authorities have not been able to bring about any substantial change in these settlements. However, there have been two relatively successful projects one in Madras and the other in Orangi, Karachi. Although the basic aim of both the projects has been to seek improvement in the low-income areas of urban poor, approaches adopted by the two projects have been different. This paper has studied these approaches and has identified their differences. Emphasis of the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) approach is on management of the programme by the people themselves. OPP provides a viable approach to undertaking improvement programmes in lowincome urban areas. Madras Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) also provides a possibility of finding long-term solutions to the urban slum problems. It is managed by public agencies and has not been fully successful as the local community has not been effectively involved in the programme. It is felt that SIP will be more successful if the local community is fully involved in the process of planning, implementation and maintenance of the programme.     

Initial Career and Work Meanings in Seven European Countries

This study explores the initial careers of two target groups of young adults in seven European countries. Career patterns have been constructed through cluster analysis on data gathered from the young adults through a retrospective self-report procedure covering a period of 2.5 years. Six career patterns have been identified across countries by the activities taking place (employment, various educational preparations, unemployment, military or civil service) and have been further described by personal and work-related variables as well as by meaning of work indices (work centrality, intrinsic versus extrinsic work orientations, and societal norms about working) and psychological well-being in the second year on the labor market. Suggestions for further research as well as the implications for career counseling, career education, organizational career guidance and development have been given.     

Problems with Needs—Where Theory Meets Practice

During the last ten years there has been an increase in the number of attempts to include the assessment of 'needs' of people with mental handicaps. There has been a shift away from previous tendencies to make statements and arrange services in terms of 'problems', 'deficits' and 'defects'; instead individual practitioners have begun to develop 'needs assessments' in order to identify services for clients by borrowing ideas from other fields. These developments have been haphazard and have not been based upon a logical or formal theory. Instead, individuals and agencies have used the term to convey different ideas with dissimilar implications for people with mental handicaps. A review of the literature on 'needs assessment' reveals a confusing and poorly-defined concept with which to plan or implement services. Suggestions are offered to clarify thinking and improve mutual understanding for a possible way forward. Some practical recommendations are identified to assist development of services for people with mental handicap.     

The Development of a Black and Ethnic minority health policy at the department of health

Britain is a truly multiracial and multicultural society. Immigration into Britain in 1960s and 1970s was mainly fiom South East Asia, Africa and the West Indies. A large number of immigrants have now become residents of Britain and we have a second generation of Black and ethnic minority groups in this country who were bom in Britain. More recently we have been joined by a number of refugee groups and asylum seekers. In the last 10 years, there have been a number of initiatives which have been taken to develop appropriate policies to improve access to health services by ethnic groups and to understand their health and disease patterns. The main issues are: (1) What policies have been developed? (2) The main areas of concern. (3) The differing health and disease patterns among ethnic minority groups. (4) How the policies are being implemented at the health service level and the lessons learned. (5) How the health professionals are being trained to deliver appropriate services to these groups. (6) How volunteer groups are invoked in planning services. (7) The national health services have recently been reformed and have introduced the idea of separating the delivery of health care from its planning and of the purchasing of services by health authorities. It is important to examine whether these have an impact in changing health services to make them more accessible to ethnic minority groups. (8) What the future plans in this area of work are.     

Special Educational Needs: From Disciplinary to Pedagogic Research

A review of research on special educational needs in Britain over the last two decades indicates that two concerns have been paramount. First, there has been an attempt to broaden research styles in response to the growing critique of traditional positivist research. Secondly, the problem of the perceived gap between theory and practice has been addressed. Developments have included the use of small-N studies within a positivist framework, the adoption of qualitative research strategies and the critical perspectives of sociologists. It is argued here that such developments have been largely restricted to what Michael Bassey refers to as 'disciplinary' research, neglecting the 'pedagogic' research associated with the growth of practitioner research in other areas of education. The article examines both why teacher research has been relatively neglected in special education and the kinds of contributions it might make.     

Research on the discourse of international negotiations: A path to understanding international conflict processes?

While both actual negotiators and social scientists have written extensively on international negotiations, study of the actual talk through which goals are or are not accomplished has been little studied; to a substantial degree, electronic records of the discourse of international negotiations have not been available. This paper describes the procedures of comprehensive discourse analysis and what sorts of things can be learned from its use, and identifies reasons why international (and other) negotiators have been reluctant to have their actual talk studied. Projected studies are described.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Research Council of the International Sociological Association meetings in Ljubljana in September 1988.     

Possible causes of tax evasion

Only a limited number of empirical investigations, into possible causes of tax evasion, have been carried out. Most of these have been conducted since 1970 and they have been carried out in countries other than Australia. Much of the published research was reviewed lo develop a set of hypotheses which were then tested with Australian data. The results of those tests are reported in this article. It appears that several things might influence taxpayer's behaviour and in Australia, the exchange indicator could be one of the important influences.     

‘A commitment to cultural pluralism’. Diversity practices in two Amsterdam venues: Paradiso and De Meervaart

Cultural policy has traditionally had close ties with the construction of the society as a nation state, which has been marked by its built-in tendency towards cultural homogenisation. Post-World War II, multicultural societies pose profound challenges to these traditional forms of cultural policy. Although, in the last decades, western democracies have been designing cultural diversity plans, this does not mean that governmental policies have successfully been translated in institutional practice. In the Netherlands, mainly established cultural institutions have failed to integrate diversity into their core business. Yet, there have been a few exceptions that continue to make attempts to adapt their programmes to address new populations. In this article, we use Parekh’s view of a multiculturalism that reconciles unity and diversity, as a heuristic device that allows us to explore and examine the bottom-up diversity policies and practices of two Amsterdam-based cultural institutions: Paradiso and De Meervaart.     

上海民俗文化产业发展问题研究——资源转化、市场开拓及世博机遇

民俗文化是当前我国实现经济跨越式发展的重要产业资源,民俗文化借助了音乐、舞蹈、文学、美术、工艺、技术等形式,承载着中华民族历史变迁的过程,同时也反映了中华民族的文化情感与价值认同。上海作为一个具有深厚历史文明的特大型城市,民俗文化资源的蕴藏量极为丰富,近年来,上海在国家非物质文化遗产保护工作的推动下,已经挖掘出了一大批具有鲜明地方特色的民俗文化资源,目前已有35项被列入国家级非物质文化遗产代表作名录（2005年度与2007年度）,83项被列入市级非物质文化遗产代表作名录（2007年度）,204项被列入区县级非物质文化遗产代表作名录（2007年度）。大量的民俗文化资源蕴藏,为当今上海民俗文化产业的发展奠定了坚实的基础,同时也为上海民俗文化产业的开拓与创新创造了重要条件。     

Keele conference 1984 Opening Remarks

Abstract

The theme of this conference is Children, Loss and Growth. To have gathered together 87 people must mean there is a considerable interest and investment in the theme. It is fair to say that we, between us, have achieved a conference: right up until last week people were still applying to come. If we had closed the books on the closing date, there would have been no conference. So the organisers have lived with a certain amount of anxiety, risk and uncertainty, especially knowing that a previous G.A.P.S. conference had had to be cancelled through lack of interest. The conference has grown up around and for the membership; more workshops have been added and more leaders asked to take small groups. Organising an event without knowing how many members will be present means that the programme remains unclear until almost everyone is committed to coming. This will inevitably give rise to people feeling a bit dissatisfied with the groups they end up in and that the whole thing could have been organised better. But this conference evolved-it could not have been organised in detail until people had committed themselves to coming.     

Disruptive Organisation

Organizations are driven by continuous change. Global, socio-economic and technological megatrends – demographic changes and digitalization – are the reasons for transformation. Traditional organization forms are not in line with customers‘ need. Disruptive modes of development and innovations have been intensively discussed elsewhere. The topic of disruptive organization have not been discussed towards internal and external customer relations, although of high relevance. 129 Managers answered on communication ways and the purpose of upcoming meaning for the working place/office. Two new models and five concrete recommendations have been established for upcoming future organization.     

The Family Strengths in Greece Then and Now

Abstract

Family has a long historical course in Greece. The turbulent periods of Hellenic history and the fluctuations of the political, social and economic life have influenced Hellenic family strengths. Nevertheless, there have been some basic elements on which the family has been based and acquired a continuous stability and homogeneity. These features are: religion, language, a rich cultural heritage, tradition and customs. Roles in the family are strongly influenced by the above, though they have been readjusted and redefined in contemporary society.     

Mythologies and panics: twentieth century constructions of child prostitution

This paper examines twentieth century social constructions of child prostitutes and child prostitution, the origins of these representations and the extent to which they have been used as metaphors for other perceived social, economic and political problems. It is important to recognise that these children have been sexually abused and that discourses that have portrayed them as either assertive and blameworthy seducers or as abducted and coerced innocents are constructed myths which detracted from recognition of the actual problems these children have faced.     

Violence against immigrants in a context of crisis: A critical migration feminist of color analysis

Abstract

The anti-immigration measures and xenophobic sentiments that have spread since the eruption of the financial crisis in 2008 have been significantly detrimental for immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence in the U.S. given that employment opportunities have declined, exploitative work conditions have worsened, immigration controls have increased, and nonprofit service provision have been under stress. Based on interviews with service providers across the nation, participant observation of networks of advocates of immigrant survivors, and an analysis of debates around the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, I present how these dire circumstances have been disadvantageous for immigrants and the movement to end violence against women. In theoretical terms, my research contributes to the body of literature of critical migration studies by linking such perspective with a feminist of color analysis of gender violence and pointing to the persistent strength of interrelated systems and practices of oppression and marginalization of Latin American immigrants and Latino/as in the U.S.     

低压输水管渠的堵漏抢修工艺

多年来，上海的原水低压输水管渠漏水绝大多数都采取不断水抢修的方式，积累了一定的工程实践经验。该文对钢筋混凝土渠道和钢管的堵漏抢修工艺进行了初步小结。