论嗜杀物种

包括黑猩猩在内的很多物种的动物都经常杀害同类。这些事实再次引起了关于进化过程中形成的生物特性是否影响着以及如何影响着人类好战的倾向等问题的讨论。要讨论这方面的问题,需要区分动物的两类暴力行为,即“猎杀”与“斗杀”。猎杀是猎食者对无助的动物的攻击。小群的黑猩猩或游动性的狩猎—采集者有时会杀死邻近社群的竞争对手。现有的资料表明,由这种群间攻击导致的死亡在总的死亡率中所占的比例与人类与黑猩猩这两个物种大致相同。这方面行为的普遍性说明这两个物种都存在进化过程中形成的致命的暴力行为,其认知能力也适应了成功地进行杀戮的需要。     

Contingency,novelty and choice. Cultural evolution as internal selection

Sociological, economic and evolutionary paradigms of human agency have often seen social agents either as the rational controllers of their fate or as marionettes on the strings of historical, functional or adaptive necessity. They found it therefore difficult to account for the variability, intentionality and creativity of human behaviour and for its frequently redundant or harmful results. This paper argues that human agency is a product of evolution, but that genetic variation and inheritance can only provide a limited explanation of its complex nature. The primary evolutionary problem which human agents face while they are alive is not to adapt to stable environments, but to respond flexibly and creatively to a contingent, uncertain world. Variation and selection therefore take two connected but distinct forms, one external, genetic, and inherited across generations, the other internal and cognitive, and operating during the lifetime of individuals. An examination of this lived part of evolution provides a better understanding of key properties of agency.     

创新的局域性研究综述:基于经济地理学视角

创新具有本地化特征。早期的经济理论中,熊彼特强调企业家在创新中的关键性作用,传统的集聚理论从外部规模经济的角度解释了企业在有限的地理空间集聚的原因,但关于创新的局域性问题,相关研究尚少。新产业地理理论认为社会关系、根植性和交易成本的节约是企业集聚创新的原因。现代演化经济学在不确定性、路径依赖等概念下探讨了企业的区位选择问题。区域创新体系强调企业和其他机构的相互联系、交互行动对创新能力的影响。     

文学世家的历史还原(英文)

文学世家历史还原的过程,也是一个逻辑建构的过程。以政治文化制度变革为核心动力,通过家族史与文学史演变的双重梳理,可以对中国通代文学世家发展演变历程进行历史还原,即前中后三大时段三重形态的相互衔接与有序推进：两汉至南北朝“经学一文学世家”与“门阀一文学世家”双重形态的衔接与演进;隋唐时期“门阀一文学世家”与“科宦一文学世家”混合形态的交替与演进;两宋至明清“科宦一文学世家”主流形态的承变与演进。在上述主体形态之外,尚有其他类型文学世家的多元存在。文学世家史学术范式的建构,需要通过特定个体、时代、区域以及通代文学世家史四个层级的链接而融合为有机整体。     

Response to Commentaries:

It is time to bring nature (genetics) together with nurture (environment) in the study of social development. Following a brief overview of behavioral genetic theory and methods, three examples are described of new genetic research especially relevant to social developmentalists. First, initial research findings on three key domains of social development (attachment, empathy, and social competence) suggest that genetic factors contribute to individual differences in social development. Second, research on widely used measures of social environment implicates a genetic contribution, which opens up new directions for research at the interface of nature and nurture in social development. Third, by the turn of the century, it is predicted that behavioral genetic research will be conducted using DNA markers that assess genetic variation among individuals directly rather than resorting to indirect estimates based on twin and adoption methods. This will revolutionize behavioral genetic research and make it more accessible and applicable to developmentalists. As a first step in the direction of behavioral genetics, social developmentalists are encouraged to include siblings in their research.     

马克思历史观的人学阐释

对马克思历史观的传统理解 ,人们过多地关注马克思对资本主义社会现实的分析 ,并没有揭示其所蕴含的深刻的内涵。实质上 ,马克思是从人的生成来理解历史的 ,历史与人的生成过程是同一的 ,只有从人的本质及其存在方式出发 ,才能真正理解人类的历史。正是在《〈政治经济学批判〉导言》中 ,马克思完成了对历史的理论分析与实践分析的转换 ,从而阐释了历史的双重内涵 :从哲学的意义上 ,历史是人自身的生成过程 ;对于每一个民族国家的历史 ,都必须进行具体的分析。只有把这两方面结合起来 ,才能真正理解人类的历史进程。     

世界历史的“双重结构”与当代中国的全球发展路径

马克思主义世界历史观为“全球化”这一术语不被滥用提供了学理依据。“全球化”这一很不规范的普遍流行的术语所涵盖的许多事实,都是对“历史向世界历史的转变”的一种认定,但它并不能引导人们去认识这一转变过程中所出现的世界历史的结构性变化。在“历史向世界历史的转变”过程中,相继形成了“国际社会”和“全球社会”,从而构成了世界历史的“双重结构”。这两者在其主体结构、利益结构、发展目标和原则、发展特点、格局结构等方面是有所不同的,但又是互相联系、相互渗透的。基于对“全球化”的“世界历史”批判,以及对当代世界历史发展的状态和趋势的科学分析,由此提出的世界历史“双重结构”理论,既是把马克思主义世界历史观全面地运用于全球化及其发展研究的重要切入点,也是马克思主义世界历史观在当代发展的重要切入点,同时也将会为我们正确探索当代社会主义中国在全球中的发展路径提供重要的方法论支撑。     

Delicious molecules: big food science,the chemosenses,and umami

Abstract

Since the closing decades of the twentieth century, molecular techniques of mapping chemosensation (the chemical senses of taste and smell) have been woven into a universalizing, evolutionary explanation for human eating behavior. In a prominent example, umami (translated from Japanese as “savory deliciousness”) has come to be understood as the “fifth basic taste sensation,” elicited by the common flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG) along with other amino acids and ribonucleotides. Meanwhile, socialized associations of food desirability, undesirability, pleasure, and disgust have likewise come to be interrogated on the molecular level – in the oral cavity, in the brain, and throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In this paper, I abridge this molecularization of sensuous eating with the provocation that the sensory is affective is molecular is political. This phrase signals the stakes with which taste and smell are ontologized as fundamentally embedded in memory (and thus in affect and in culture); as conducted in train with corporate food and beverage research and development; and effected at molecular sites of transduction (chemical reception). It is to say that, in recent decades, the sensory and affective domains have been made molecular. And in the context of food science, that molecular knowledge is interested. This paper conducts a brief, critical accounting of how chemosensation is made knowable and actionable, and for what purposes. It suggests that the most authoritative knowledge of how taste and smell mediate human health (the sensory) is shaped by the corporate imperative to determine what chemical compounds humans register as pleasurable (the affective), and thus what food products humans can be relied upon to buy (the political). As a result, a lack of scientific consensus on wider questions of metabolism – of glutamate, for instance – is built into chemosensory science, which has privileged the work of product design.     

The evolution of Homo Discens: natural selection and human learning

This article takes an evolutionary “reverse engineering” standpoint on Homo discens, learning man, to track down the (learning) mechanisms that played a pivotal role in the natural selection of human being. The approach is “evolutionary sociological”—as opposed to gene‐centred or psychologising—and utilises notions of co‐evolutionary organism–environment transactions and niche construction. These are compatible with a Deweyan theory of action, which entails that in action one cannot but learn and one can only learn in action. Special attention is paid to apprentice‐like learning‐by‐doing peculiar to human socio‐cultural niches since the Pleistocene, which has permitted each subsequent generation to learn the many habits and skills needed in utilising the affordances of action that constitute their ecological niche. Affordances and actions have changed over the history of human–environment transactions, but the core mechanisms of human learning have not changed much. It is increasingly important to appreciate these mechanisms now in the global age “knowledge society,” which is in a way similar to the Pleistocene era: characterised by uncertainty and life‐determining problem‐situations without any ready‐made solutions, it calls for capacities to adapt to changing circumstances, and thus apprentice‐like learning in action supported by savvy epistemological engineering of learning environments.     

Division of Responsibility in Care of the Aged

Not all elderly people need special care. This review refers to the dependent minority and to the services they need. Brief mention is made of the history of services which began with charitable relief by voluntary action, and the current relationship between government bodies and voluntary agencies is outlined. It is maintained that division of responsibility for the various types of care should be based on assessment of individual needs, decentralization of control, together with evaluation of the resources of the agencies concerned.     

Bringing the past into our future—using historic data to inform contemporary freshwater management

Knowledge of landscapes, and how landscapes were utilised by Ngāi Tahu, helps provide a context within which to examine the contemporary aspirations of Ngāi Tahu with respect to resource management. Using the Waitaki catchment as a case study, it describes how to weave together strands of Ngāi Tahu history from a variety of sources to guide contemporary resource management. One of the greatest challenges, however, is determining appropriate management goals and, in particular, restoration goals. Understanding sites as they existed at the time of European settlement can be extremely difficult due the nature and extent of modification in subsequent decades. Restoring a degraded area to match some pre-existing condition, such as pre-European settlement, which is often the goal of restoration initiatives, is difficult unless data on historic conditions are available. We describe how to piece together historic patterns of activity within the catchment, and the forces that have been instrumental in changing it, thus providing a framework upon which resource management goals can be developed.     

中国商业渠道的演变与发展

通过对20世纪80年代改革开放以来中国市场生产商与经销商关系发展的变迁历史,分析商业渠道变革的本质与发展趋势。清晰地揭示了厂家与商家在不同的供求关系下主导与被主导关系的演变过程,并指出今天他们之间的关系在日益趋同,以量取胜的传统批发被品牌营销所代替。渠道的功能地位已发生了深刻的变化。     

论希腊城邦对政治本源的塑造--一种政治哲学视角的分析

城邦政治是人类历史上独一无二的政治现象。它超越了个体与类二元分立的政治模式,它把"共同生活"作为"人的条件",以此塑造了政治的本源。基于"共同生活"的视域,它以理性化的制度安排来落实"共同生活"的意义,实现了理性化的制度形式与人的存在价值的内在统一。政治不仅要以系统、缜密、具体的制度安排来确保人的价值得以实现,而且更需要有作为"人的条件"的"共同生活"这一本源,这是历史给予我们的最大启示。     

论《古今词统》的词史建构

明季词人卓人月和徐士俊共同选编的《古今词统》与陈耀文《花草粹编》、沈际飞《草堂诗馀四集》等共同代表着明代词选的水平与特色。该选本努力超越流行数百年的《草堂诗馀》的范围与手眼，并试图建立一种大一统的词史统序，即合古、今为一体，而着意强调今词即明词的地位；合婉约、豪放为一体，意在打破嘉靖以后贬抑豪放独尊婉约的倾向；合词史百汇于一体，既开拓了选源也丰富了词史。这是对《草堂诗馀》系列选本长期垄断词坛的反拔与重构，对清初词坛亦有重要影响。     

李泽厚后期实践美学的内在矛盾

李泽厚后期实践美学内部存在着群体理性与个体感性、工具本体与心理本体、哲学与美学、论与史四对矛盾,人类学视野是群体理性立场与工具本体论之根源,它根本上制约了心理本体论这一主体性实践哲学本旨.后期实践美学是主体性实践哲学之附庸,而非独立深入的美学理论.李泽厚意欲在美学的史论结合中会通中西,然实际是以西释中.诸种矛盾结合在一起,极大地制约了实践美学的学术成就.     

论争与结局——对建国后北京城墙的历史考察

拆除城墙是首都发展史上的重大事件。从新中国成立之初,关于北京城墙的争论涉及到政治、经济、文化、战略等多方面的复杂问题。本文主要从专家、市民、中央和地方的不同层面,阐述各自对城墙的不同认识和主张,探析拆除北京城墙的深刻历史原因。北京城墙现状的形成经历了一个曲折而复杂的历史过程,多种合力的共同作用最终导致了北京城墙的命运。     

哲学嫉妒

关于“人的科学”的观念长期以来诱惑着西方的思想家们。自然科学的每一次突破都被用来佐证哲学已经被自然科学所取代。自然科学家们常常对哲学家和文学家们不能达成一致不厌其烦。他们把这种不一致与作为自然科学的经验性的信条的标志的共识和稳步前进进行不公平的比较。最近在对大脑功能的研究方面和进化论生物学领域都取得的一些研究成果,在这种意义上也被认作为对哲学的部分的取代。然而斯蒂夫·平克用这些自然科学信条解决政治和社会问题的企图并没有什么意义。对于政治和社会问题,平克和他的盟友们提供不了任何具体的、实用的建议。他们错误地认为我们需要关于人性的理论作为解决政治和社会问题的原理。但事实并非如此,政治和社会指针只能从对人类历史的研究而不是生物学的研究中产生。西方哲学史的精神在于关于人性的理论应被关于历史的研究所取代,关于非历史的人类本质的理论,不论是哲学的还是生物学的,都不值得我们认真对待。     

西安大遗址保护理念与城市文化创新

西安是举世闻名的历史文化名城,有着3 000余年的城市发展史。周、秦、汉、唐等十三个王朝在此建都,历时1 100余年。西安延绵不绝的灿烂历史,赋予了西安极为丰厚的文化积淀,使西安享有"天然历史博物馆"的美誉。     

Marx’s International Outlook and Its Contemporary Value

Marx probed into the laws of the evolution of world history and the international system from the perspective of grand history, incisively revealing the inherent historical dynamics and evolutionary secrets of the laws of this development and thus providing a new analytical framework for our understanding of the nature of international relations and the characteristics of the era. Compared with related international relations theories of the same period, Marx’s international outlook had a unique class standpoint and methodological principles and adopted rigorous speculative logic and lofty values. Marx conducted scientific research and dialectical analysis of the laws of evolution and the intrinsic nature of international society, especially the historical mission of the proletariat. These ideas, unique in the intellectual and theoretical spectrum of international relations, provide an intellectual guide for the innovation of Chinese diplomatic theory in the new era.     

G.H. Mead's Understanding of the Nature of Speech in the Light of Contemporary Research

The following analysis demonstrates that G.H. Mead's understanding of human speech (what Mead often referred to as “the vocal gesture”) is remarkably consistent with today's interdisciplinary field that studies speech as a natural behavior with an evolutionary history. Mead seems to have captured major empirical and theoretical insights more than half a century before the contemporary field began to take shape. In that field the framework known as “Tinbergen's Four Questions,” developed in ecology to study naturally occurring behavior in nonhuman animals, has been an effective organizing framework for research on human speech. It is used in this paper to organize the comparison of Mead with contemporary scholars. The analysis concludes that Mead was, in a sense, “beyond” the Four Questions by recognizing the limitations of reductionist methods in understanding the nature of conscious phenomena, especially language. Mead's socially situated model of the nature of human speech makes him relevant to today's field where some see an undervaluation of the treatment of language as a social process.