供应链中的企业合作关系

供应链管理是企业发展最具活力的前沿领域之一。本文首先回顾了供应链中的企业关系演变过程,分析战略伙伴关系与供应链战略的关系,然后从四个方面探讨供应链的战略伙伴关系问题：（1）战略伙伴关系的质量保证体系-过程质量管理与顾客驱动的供应链质量信息系统;（2）战略伙伴关系的知识学习与技术扩散-知识链与基于知识链的知识管理;（3）战略伙伴关系的制度保证-合作对策与委托代理机制;（4）战略伙伴关系的生产协作-同步化生产计划与控制。     

A structured procedure for materials planning during production transfer

This paper explores materials planning procedures to ensure the materials’ availability during production transfers. The paper defines a production transfer as the preparation, physical transfer and start-up of relocated production. A structured procedure of materials planning during production transfer is developed based on theory, and then validated and refined based on the analysis of four case studies. The paper shows that there is a need for a structured procedure of materials planning during production transfers. It also explains the importance of activities that create prerequisites for the materials’ availability during production transfer, such as updating and adapting documentation, planning and control systems, and describes the activities that ensure the materials’ availability, such as preventive and corrective actions. A valid estimation of the time needed to reach a steady state and a combination of several preventive actions improves the ability to ensure that materials are available. The cases showed differences across company size, because large companies took more and farther-reaching preventive actions.     

An Examination of IT Planning in a Large,Diversified Public Organization*

The conduct of information technology (IT) planning processes has been of dominant managerial concern in public and private organizations. Yet, current IT planning research offers little guidance on the types of planning actions and behaviors that are appropriate to organizational contexts. We focus on the conduct of the IT planning process by describing an exploratory research project. The project empirically examined a number of issues associated with managing IT planning within a single large public enterprise, particularly identifying actions and behaviors related to producing quality IT plans. The results of the study yield some useful set of guidelines; most interesting is the importance of building IT infrastructure based on IT sophistication and innovativeness for large agencies to improve plan quality. Other recommendations include having a focused, balanced technology and business planning orientation that incorporates a strategic outlook, support of top management, attention to business planning, and early consensus among planning members.     

Strategies for planning

In recent years there has been a good deal of discussion amongst planning specialists and academics about the gap which exists between the theory of planning as set out in journals and textbooks, and the practice of planning in private and public organizations. Planners are continually complaining about the resistance to planning by top management and operating managers in divisions and departments.In this article the author aims to produce a reconciliation between theory and practice and to discuss what alternative strategies are open to planners in devising planning systems for their organizations.He suggests that the problem has its origin in the fact that corporate planning theory was first developed by management scientists as a total systems approach. Corporate planners have failed to sell an integrated planning system either as programme budgeting or as corporate planning. Research suggests that a management team can only adopt and implement a comprehensive planning system in very special circumstances, e.g. when the organization's survival is threatened, a new management team has been appointed and the staff of the organization are ready to accept radical change.In normal circumstances the planner is wrong to advocate a ‘root and branch’ solution. He must diagnose the planning needs of the organization and his objective must be not merely to establish a particular planning procedure but rather to discover how he can best improve the quality of management decisions.Recent studies on strategy formation indicate that the introduction of a formal planning procedure is only a partial answer to the problem of improving the quality of management decisions.The paper reviews various approaches to planning and considers how they relate to organizations with different strategic problems, with differing organization structures and various management styles.     

物资采购综合评价指标体系质量控制模型应用研究

本文依据非序列多层次目标准则建立了物资采购综合评价指标体系,应用模型参考思想构建了物资采购综合评价指标体系的质量控制模型及其目标函数,按照采购项目管理的运作程序对各个阶段的采购质量做了相应的评价,最后运用实例对以上讨论进行了定量化的分析。通过计算得到的数量指标,我们可以有效评价和控制物资采购工作,以期提高采购质量、节省经费开支。     

The relative importance of planning and control systems in achieving good delivery performance

Amongst factors such as quick changeovers and workforce flexibility, managers in 533 UK manufacturing plants ranked a responsive planning and control system as the most important facilitator of good delivery performance on products made-to-order or assembled-to-order. The rankings indicate greater importance to companies in the Household and Engineering sectors than in Process and Electronics, where other factors are dominant. These results are combined with data such as customer lead times and item variety, to characterize and explain differences between the plants in these four sectors. Collectively the results indicate considerable differences in the production planning and control tasks. This implies that general statements on the importance of planning and control systems are inadequate. Practitioners need contextual information in order to ascertain when research is applicable to their circumstances.     

基于和谐管理理论的武器装备采购质量管理研究

武器装备采购质量管理是武器装备采购方对装备需求论证、生产竞标、装备制造、监督、激励和评价等过程加以控制来提高装备质量的行为,这一行为的基本特征是复杂性。针对目前我国武器装备采购质量管理中的问题,根据和谐管理理论应对复杂性的机理,提出了武器装备采购质量管理的和谐耦合体系,并探讨了这一体系在军用飞机采购中的应用。其核心思想是同时建立设计优化机理指导下的控制机制和能动致变机理下的诱导机制,对于那些可通过优化设计的质量问题运用规定性的控制机制来解决,由人的不确定性引起的、不可用规定的硬性措施解决的质量问题用能动致变的演化机制来应对,最后还要注意两种机制之间的互动、转化和调节。     

Designing an effective financial planning and control system

This article addresses the problems to be found in the design of financial planning and control systems. The primary purpose of an effective planning and control system is to minimize the possibility of management crises and to accomplish this, management must plan for the development of such systems as it would plan for plant expansion or new product development, recognizing the changing needs of the system as the company evolves.     

Integration of process planning and production planning and control in cellular manufacturing

Organisations willing to succeed in global competition have to integrate their internal and external processes. This especially includes planning and production control (PPC) processes. Optimised allocation of the production resources and quick response to demand changes result in lower cost and improvement of production performance. Practitioners and researchers have been trying to achieve these goals using production planning techniques. Although the results are significant, it seems necessary to integrate production operations in order to improve the production performance. The goals, information and decisions taken in production planning and control and process planning are often very different and difficult to integrate in Cellular Manufacturing (CM) environments. Designing an efficient PPC system and integrating it with process planning in a cellular environment is of the same importance. The following paper proposes first a comprehensive framework of integrated process planning and production planning and control in CM. Then, with respect to this framework and utilising the domain knowledge in the area of CM systems, an integrated model based on Integrated Definition Modeling Language is developed. The application of the models has been considered as a case study for a production system in electronics and telecommunication sector in a plant in Iran. The validity and completeness of the proposed model is tested by a panel of experts in the areas of production planning and control in CM environments.     

A goal programming model for paper recycling system

The conflict between economic optimization and environmental protection has received wide attention in recent research programs for waste management system planning. This has also resulted in a set of new waste management goals in reverse logistics system planning. The purpose of this analysis is to formulate a mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model to assist in proper management of the paper recycling logistics system. The model studies the inter-relationship between multiple objectives (with changing priorities) of a recycled paper distribution network. The objectives considered are reduction in reverse logistics cost; product quality improvement through increased segregation at the source; and environmental benefits through increased wastepaper recovery. The proposed model also assists in determining the facility location, route and flow of different varieties of recyclable wastepaper in the multi-item, multi-echelon and multi-facility decision making framework. The use of the model has been illustrated through a problem of paper recycling in India.     

REQUIREMENTS PLANNING FOR CONTROL OF INFORMATION RESOURCES

Producing reports assembled from files, records, and raw data is a major function of the computer in modern organizations. Transaction processing, records management, file organization, and data-base management are aspects of the information production function that have received a good deal of attention. But planning, scheduling, and controlling the production of information products have been neglected. For complex applications involving assembly of reports from multilevel information sources, the requirements planning model is suggested as an effective alternative to present methods. Thus, our suggestion is that the computer be used to plan, schedule, and control computer production of information products. Presently available material requirements planning software may be employed with minor modifications that depend on the given information system characteristics. In this paper an example of requirements planning as applied to production of information in a satellite control system is presented.     

Strategic management in major Japanese hightech companies

Since the early 1980s, there has been remarkable progress in advanced technology in Japan and in leading Western countries. What is the present situation in technological development in major Japanese industries and what are the implications for strategic management? The author describes how Japanese industries have harnessed new technologies and suggests a number of concepts which underly these trends. Given the imperatives of advanced technology, he emphasizes the importance of positioning the technology development strategy in the context of strategic management paying particular attention to developing an open organizational culture through a flexible corporate planning system.     

CIM implementation for job-shop environments

Abstract

Abstract. The small to medium-sized job-shop manufacturing industry can benefit most from the implementation of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technology, to meet the increasing demand for high-quality and economically priced products. The injection mould making industry is a typical representative for this group, where a manufacturer would generally produce moulds which consist of parts that are standard to every mould type or very similar. Thus, manufacturing techniques, such as group technology (GT), and production planning and control (information) management systems could make significant contributions in improving the efficiency of design and production operations.

The objective of the project, presented in this paper, was the development of a GT-based classification and coding (C/C) system for injection mould parts especially for the design and process planning phases, and the development of a production planning and shop-floor control (SFC) information management system.

An extensive investigation was carried out on existing GT-based C/C systems. This investigation, followed by a thorough examination of many injection mould parts for determining geometric similarities, led to the development of part families (classes) required for GT implementation. An OPITZ-type GT system was developed, thereafter, for the C/C of the manufactured parts of the target company.

The production planning and control software that has been developed for the target company utilizes a relational data base management system. It consists of 13 application programs, which provide a tool of organizing information for efficient production planning and SFC. The programs are designed to cover all manufacturing operations of a job from the proposal to the final testing stage. Shop orders and dispatch lists are created using this software for effective and prioritized SFC. Shop status and job status reports are generated based on feedback information received through time card entries.     

Important Strategic and Tactical Manufacturing Issues in the 1990s*

This paper reports the identification and ranking of major manufacturing issues that American manufacturing managers and academics must focus on and resolve in the 1990s to be competitive on a global basis. Vice-presidents of manufacturing from over 75 companies across the United States were asked in a Delphi study to rank the key strategic and tactical issues facing American manufacturing in the next three to five years. Based on three rounds of a Delphi study, quality management, manufacturing strategy, and process technology emerged as the top ranked strategic issues. The top ranked tactical issues were quality control, manufacturing planning and control systems, and work force supervision. These issues were valid across diverse industry groups, since the industrial and educational background of the respondents was shown to have no impact on the final consensus rankings and opinions reported in this paper. Factor analysis of the responses by the panel revealed that certain issues tend to be consistently viewed together, and were interpreted accordingly to provide insights into the ranking of issues. Apart from building a consensus among experts on key manufacturing issues of present and future importance, this study can also be helpful for setting future academic research and pedagogical priorities for the field of production and operations management.     

Simplified production management software for the small manufacturing firm

This paper proposes design rules in order to simplify current MRP II software systems and make them suitable for the small manufacturing firm. Simplification rules apply to production data management by reducing database complexity. This has consequences for medium-term requirements planning which is moved toward the realization of simultaneous material and capacity planning. The simplification procedure is completed by applying aggregate decision models to shop floor control which allow the introduction of a minimal transaction processing system. Object-oriented analysis concepts are used for the design of the primary production data model, which has a consistent effect on transaction data and decisional procedures throughout the whole production management software system.     

Integrating risk and performance management in quality management systems for the development of complex bespoke systems (CBSs)

Abstract

Risk and performance management are at the core of complex bespoke systems (CBSs). CBSs are developed to customer–specified requirements in terms of structure, functionality and conformance. This article examines how risk and performance management are integrated as essential systems in the successful development of projects across multi-organizational functions in complex bespoke system (CBS) organizations. The article argues for the development of a quality management system that consists of two sub-processes: quality control and quality development. Using three case studies from engineering companies, we provide evidence and insights of the way change control, quality development and quality performance are developed in innovating business solutions.     

A neural network clustering model for miscellaneous components production planning

The growing importance of providing service to customers, e.g. post-sale assistance, supplying of spare parts, upgrading and integration of new elements in installed systems, enhances the importance of planning and management of upgrading parts in most manufacturing industries. These parts are generally characterized by high technical heterogeneity and have a highly variable and difficult to forecast demand. In some areas (especially the most dynamic, e.g. high-tech products), these kinds of components are quite common, and represent a very strong relation between the manufacturing firm and the market. These parts are generally too many to be efectively supported on a planning database system with individual records and too heterogeneous ( and sometimes with a too high value) to be supported all together in a single record. In this paper, we want to study the application of adaptive techniques for the clustering of these components in classes based on the similarities in their market behaviour in order to build an optimal database for planning production and supplying of these components.     

The impact of JIT on capacity management: A case study and analysis

This article describes the production planning and control techniques used at Verbatim Computer Disk Company in Charlotte, NC. The factory operates by management policy on a 24 hours-per-day, 7 days-per-week, 363 days-peryear, basis as if it were a process industry. Production of discrete units, computer disks, follows repetitive manufacturing methods including the implementation of just-in-time JIT methods into an existing material requirements planning MRP system. Production is based on the actual customer orders received from Marketing for disks from both US customers and international markets. Marketing uses price adjustments in coordination with Production Planning to ensure the factories operate at 100 capacity and within predefined inventory levels. This article discusses the relationship between Marketing and Manufacturing which allows for the attainment of a process industry-like economies of scale for a line of discrete products. Key characteristics of the production planning and control system are identified as are the current operating problems.     

Corporate Planning and Control in German industry

This article records some important results of an extensive empirical investigation in GFR. In so doing the structure and the stage of development of Corporate Planning and Control Systems in 355 industrial companies were analyzed—in addition other systems were investigated. Within the context of the planning and Control Systems, the multi-echelon organization of the system, the time scale and the differentiation of the plans as regards content, co-ordinated planning between various management levels (multi-echelon co-ordination) as well as the harmonization, adaptation and formalization of the plans and the planning, were investigated. Furthermore the content of the planning— for example, objectives, programmes, resources, and budgets—, the various sectional plans of the company, the organizational units, information as well as the interrelationship between the different management levels as regards information and the instruments for planning and control, were surveyed. In relation to the other systems, the organization, information, and management development systems as well as the general management system were analyzed.Within the context of the empirical investigation the structure and developmental stage of Planning and Control Systems in 355 industrial companies in the GFR were analyzed. As the basis for the empirical study a technological concept for Planning and Control Systems was worked out, which is based on a comprehensive planning and control theory.