从微观基础研究到宏观基础研究:后瓦尔拉斯主义的兴起

宏微观经济学经历了三次融合.在微观基础研究中,新古典主义把预期形成机制理论作为连接宏微观经济学之间的桥梁,而新凯恩斯主义则通过工资-价格粘性的原因解释和不完全市场结构的分析来构建宏观理论的微观基础.他们关于代表性主体、理性、均衡以及协调问题的观点都是不合理的,因此必须研究微观经济学的宏观基础.早在宏微观经济学分立之初,凯恩斯对这一问题就有所关注,西蒙开创性地提出了以"有限理性"为基础的"满意决策理论",新凯恩斯主义则从制度上来研究宏观基础,其协调失灵学派还提出了协调失灵理论.对宏观基础进行系统研究的是20世纪90年代以来兴起的后瓦尔拉斯主义,其学者指出,具有有限理性的微观主体之间的相互作用使得经济系统方程具有多重均衡解,从而引起经济周期性波动,但宏观制度的协调功能会使经济处于相对稳定状态.     

社区治理：公民社会的微观基础

本文试图通过分析“civil society”和“community”两个概念的具体内涵在中国学术话语中的变化历程,在一定程度上显示中国城市基层社区中公民社会的微观基础,以及这种微观基础与“社区共治”和社区“治理结构”的微妙联系,同时也提醒读者,要深刻揭示这种微妙联系,就必须把研究视角聚焦到具体行动空间的权力关系及协调机制。     

构建宏观新体制的微观基础

构建宏观新体制的微观基础周振华，陈家骏在新体制的建设过程中，由于各制度变量的不同性质及当时的环境条件，各方面的进度也许有快有慢，这是正常的，尤其在渐进式改革中更是如此。但一种新体制毕竟是一个系统，各方面有着内在的有机联系，一些制度慢变量迟迟不跟进，势...     

宏观与微观:从对立到联结

文章回顾了社会学关于宏观与微观从对立到联结的发展历史。指出在古典社会学家那里这种区分主要体现在理论视野的不同 ,到近代则演变为一种二元对立 ,严重阻碍了社会学理论的健康发展。近年来 ,宏观理论与微观理论之间的对立遭到了越来越多的质疑和批评 ,不同学者从不同角度对连接两者所做的理论尝试反映了社会学界理论综合的大趋势     

课题制有效实施的条件——一个不容忽视的课题

课题制作为哲学社会科学研究的组织管理模式得到越来越广泛的应用。课题制的有效实施和健康运行,迫切需要加强哲学社会科学宏观管理体制和微观运行机制建设,重点是深化哲学社会科学单位的内部改革,为课题制的健康发展奠定微观基础。     

大学生创业教育发展的宏观战略与微观体系研究

随着互联网信息技术的快速更新,创新型人才的培养成为当下国内高校的重点工作之一.在这一过程中,各大高校被社会、国家赋予了更加重要的责任与使命.同时,鼓励学生创新创业也是高校对国家大众创业、万众创新政策的积极响应.目前,各大高校的教学模式都在向着信息化、创新化的方式不断转变,并且尝试将创新创业教育融入课程教学中.其目的...     

退休制度改革方案的微观模拟

退休制度改革方案是目前社会和学术界讨论的热点问题之一。应用长春市的微观数据对退休制度改革方案进行模拟实验,结果表明:实施现行的退休制度,将导致养老金收支日趋失衡;适当地提高法定退休年龄、抑制提前退休或实施弹性退休制度,均能够使养老金收支趋于平衡,均不会产生长期的就业问题。但不同的改革方案对不同行业的就业状况影响存在较大差异。     

发展现代农业:微观组织重构与宏观环境培育

经过30多年改革开放,我国农业由原来单纯的种植业和养殖业正在向产前、产后等产业部门发展,农业主体的经营方式由单纯承担农产品供给功能和为工业部门提供原料的产业部门在向"产加销、贸工农"一体化方向迈进,农村劳动力的就业结构由单纯在种养业内部,向产前、产后等涉农行业内部以及非农产业门类转移,以提升土地产出率、劳动生产率和农产品商品率为主要内容的农业科技创新能力和创新水平获得了持续提升.因此,我国在由传统农业向现代农业的转轨进程中面临两大基本任务:一是在家庭经营基础上嵌入农村社群自组织微观治理结构,构建农村资本和劳动间利益一体化的契约机制;二是在宏观上稳步推进新型农村社会化服务体系建设,推动现代农业产业上、下游之间的整合及产业间横向协同.     

从微观角度探索宏观非均衡的有益尝试──评《宏观非均衡的微观基础》

从微观角度探索宏观非均衡的有益尝试──评《宏观非均衡的微观基础》韦伟杨瑞龙同志的新作《宏观非均衡的微观基础》（以下简称《基础》）作为学术界颇负影响的“经济科学文库”中最新一种，近日已由中国人民大学出版社出版了。这部新作以其鲜明的时代特色，新颖的分析方...     

走出经济学发展的微观迷宫

日益复杂的社会经济活动迫使人们前所未有地严肃正视经济理论体系中宏观微观分离的缺陷及其对经济发展形成的障碍。经济起源、伴随和服务于人及社会的全面发展,只有聚焦人的行为,深化微观分析,采用与传统的建模实证相结合,并基于个体的建模分析(ABM),借助大数据、人工智能和机器学习等当代科技的强力支撑,构建虚拟社会和计算实验平台,实现多学科大跨度和深度的交叉整合,经济学发展才有望跳出微观迷宫和自设陷阱,凸显其人文社会科学的本质特征,从而更好地揭示宏观经济的复杂奥秘并提供更为合理的预见。     

当前我国经济增长的特点分析

当前我国经济增长的特点主要有:高增长低通胀,高投资高增长,高增长高成本,高增长低就业,高增长高储蓄,高增长高顺差,高增长低效益。     

通货膨胀与清王朝的覆灭

在遭到八国联军致命打击后 ,清王朝为挽救其统治危机 ,被迫下诏实行新政。清末新政在经济方面的举措与戊戌变法时期相比已有所突破 ,但由于国库空虚 ,财力困绌 ,实施新政所需费用捉襟见肘 ,清廷在增加赋税未能奏效的情况下 ,采用了滥发货币的政策 ,结果引发了日益严重的通货膨胀 ,导致清王朝阶级矛盾更为尖锐 ,社会危机更加恶化 ,从而加速了清王朝的覆灭。     

The perceived legitimacy of a basic income among Finnish food aid recipients

Discussions on the pros and cons of a basic income (BI) have remained mainly at the ‘systemic level’. Based on survey and interview data, this study provides a ‘bottom‐up’ perspective on the legitimacy of the idea of a basic income among people queuing in breadlines in Helsinki in late 2016, who are assumed to be affected positively by this benefit. While general support for the idea is high, not everyone supports an unconditional BI. Despite the likely ‘objective interest’, a BI does not seem to be supported by food aid recipients any more than by the general population as measured by a previous study. Besides interests, normative beliefs and perceptions of deservingness seem of importance for legitimacy too, especially among those not supporting a BI. Doubts regarding a BI are to some extent connected to wishes to limit the social citizenship of some of the persons in the breadlines.     

对我国当前税收政策的分析和思考

自1994年税收体制改革以来,我国宏观经济环境发生了很大的变化,有效需求不足已成为当前乃至今后一个时期制约经济发展的主要因素。与此同时,我国税制总体上却未发生大的变化,现行税制的一些规定制约着国民经济的增长。针对我国现行税收政策对国民经济增长的不适应性,应采取相应的税制改革对策。     

The significance of a secure base: a psychosocial model of long-term foster care

ABSTRACT Long‐term foster care has been a much neglected area of social work practice and research. Yet there are obvious challenges that need to be understood when building a family for life in foster care. Is it possible for foster families, where there are no biological or legal ties between carers and children, to provide care, concern and family membership not only through childhood but also into adult life? The study on which this paper is based set out to explore that question by investigating the experiences of 40 adults, aged 18–30, who grew up in foster families. Qualitative interviews were conducted, transcribed and analysed. Theoretical frameworks from attachment and resilience were brought together with concepts such as ‘belonging’ and ‘family membership’ to make sense of the narratives provided. An integrated and dynamic psychosocial model of long‐term foster care was developed, which emphasizes the significance of a secure base and has some important implications for practice.     

Back at the Crossroads: The Slippery Fish of Australian Retirement Income Policy

Australia's retirement income arrangements had reached a policy crossroad by the early 1980s. Not unlike the proverbial slippery fish, the goals and roles of its constituent elements were very difficult to grasp. The ensuing reforms of the 1980s and 1990s brought increasing coherence to these arrangements. Some of the more recent changes, however, have once again introduced policy slipperiness through creating a system that is at odds with the intent of the earlier reform efforts. Indeed, Australia's retirement income arrangements have morphed into a system whose function is no longer simply to protect workers from the loss of earned income arising from retirement. The ‘zenith’ of this situation was reached in July 2007 when the major changes in superannuation announced in the 2006 federal budget took effect. Thus, Australia is once again back at a policy crossroad as far as her retirement income arrangements are concerned.     

振兴东北老工业基地的财税金融支持政策研究

振兴东北老工业基地,在财政政策上,应进一步完善转移支付制度,采取财政参股、财政补贴和财政担保等形式,支持老工业基地的发展。在税收政策上,应加强税收法律法规、管理制度的建设力度,分步实施税收制度改革,实行适当的税收优惠政策。在金融政策上,要用改革和发展的办法化解银行的历史包袱,尽快完善商业银行的经营机制,加快金融创新步伐,推进资本市场的发展,建立和完善振兴东北老工业基地的信用制度与体系以及合理的金融机构组织体系。     

政府主导型市场经济发展模式的价值分析

我国已是一个基本市场化的市场经济国家。我国的经济改革也付出了一定的成本:经济改革以后,我国的失业率不断上升,贫富分化日益严重,生态环境不断恶化。从总体上看,我国政府主导型市场经济改革是一场收益大且成本低的改革。由于体制转轨和经济发展的客观需要,在今后一个相当长时期里,政府主导型市场经济发展模式仍是我国赶超发达国家、走向现代化的有效途径。     

政策实施成本与上下级政府讨价还价的发生机制——基于四东县休禁牧案例的分析

讨价还价是中国上下级政府互动关系中很重要的一种形式。本文详细记述了四东县草原休禁牧政策实施过程中上下级政府的多轮讨价还价,县政府制定政策,政策严格落实导致政府与民众的冲突频发,乡镇政府以冲突为策略与县政府讨价还价,最终获得了相对宽松的执行空间。本文使用实施成本分析框架解释了讨价还价行为的发生机制,执行过程成本、上级施加成本、民众施加成本高昂,致使乡镇政府只能选择与上级讨价还价。随着社会冲突的加剧,乡镇政府的讨价还价能力相对提高,使得双方的协议点从严格执行端向宽松执行端移动。执行无僵局、协议点左右摆动、短期均衡与讨价还价的交替发生是政策执行中上下级政府讨价还价的基本特征。     

Perpetuating the problem: neoliberalism,commonwealth public policy and housing affordability in Australia

This paper argues that the scale of the contemporary housing affordability crisis in Australia is at least partly attributable to the influence of neoliberal ideas over the past three decades. After providing an overview of the nature and scope of the crisis, the process by which housing as a policy problem has been reconceptualised by policy makers and others since the 1970s is examined. This is followed by analysis of the ways in which a number of commonwealth government policies which are ideationally underpinned by neoliberalism have amplified and perpetuated the problem of housing affordability in Australia and, ipso facto, prevented the issue from being addressed. The paper concludes by suggesting that policies which are ostensibly intended to improve housing affordability will continue to founder until the ideational obstacles which are the focus of this paper are recognised, and housing policy is reconceptualised along lines more conducive to the amelioration of the housing affordability problem. The paper seeks to extend the existing literature on housing affordability by explicitly identifying the linkages between neoliberal ideas, commonwealth public policy, and the extant problem of housing affordability in Australia.