西部少数民族地区贫困问题与人力资本投资

本文从人力资本理论的视角探讨了西部少数民族地区贫困问题,提出西部少数民族地区反贫困首要的是从治理贫困地区少数民族群体低层次智力结构入手。在回顾、总结和反思发展中国家和我国所采取的反贫困对策的基础上,提出加大人力资本投资是西部少数民族地区反贫困的理性选择。     

西部民族地区人力资本投资的制度绩效——来自新疆、甘肃、宁夏的问卷调查分析

人力资本是知识经济的支柱和龙头资本,人力资本的发展和积累是中国的“科教兴国”战略、“可持续发展”战略和“西部大开发”战略得以实施的关键和突破口,但人力资本作用的发挥受制度的约束。本文以人力资本及其制度的契合为切入点,对中国西部少数民族地区人力资本投资的制度绩效从诸多方面进行了实证调查分析。     

人力资本投资优先:西部民族地区旅游业转型发展的路径选择

通过对西部民族地区旅游业由传统观光旅游向现代休闲旅游的转型发展实践分析,发现"人力资本投资优先"发展路径更有利于实现将传统民族文化与现代休闲旅游发展相结合的竞争战略,更能促进民族地区的经济、社会与文化全面发展,而经过三十多年的发展,西部民族地区已基本具备发展路径转变所需的人力资本积累。据此,提出了立足现有产业基础挖潜创新、全面激发中小企业和少数民族居民的创新活力、以旅游业转型发展为契机推动社会综合改革等建议。     

民族地区农村最低生活保障制度的反贫困效应研究

本文基于"西部民族地区经济社会发展问卷调查"(CHES)2011年农村数据,探讨了中国部分民族地区农村最低生活保障制度对缩小农村收入分配差距,尤其是反贫困的影响。分析结果表明,以农村最低收入家庭为对象的农村最低生活保障制度的实施基本达到制度设计的初衷,在绝大多数情况下瞄准了需要救助的贫困群体,具有一定的反贫困效应,从而在一定程度上缩小了这些地区农村的收入差距;同时,也还存在诸如保障水平偏低以及所谓"人情保"、"腐败保"等问题。适当提高中央财政对民族地区低保资金支持力度,加大对低保制度实施过程的监督力度,将低保救助与就业援助相结合等,应当成为完善民族地区农村低保制度、提高低保制度运行效率、更好地发挥其反贫困效应的重要政策选项。     

民族地区的反贫困与经济可持续发展

本文论证了民族地区反贫困与经济可持续发展的关系,指出大力开展扶贫工作,特别是加大对贫困问题极为突出的少数民族地区的扶贫治贫工作,清除贫困,是我国政府实施可持续发展战略的一项重要任务。少数民族地区在反贫困,实施可持续发展战略过程中,面临农业基础脆弱,生态环境失衡;人口数量增长快,人力资本水平低;经济发展水平低;基础设施落后,社会发育程度低;投入不足,资金供求矛盾突出;非正式制度约束严重等制约因素。在反贫困、实现经济社会可持续发展的战略选择上,一方面要加快少数民族地区的经济开发进程,实现少数民族地区整体经济实力的增长和自我发展能力的提高;另一方面,要瞄准民族地区的贫困人口,使贫困人口成为反贫困的直接受益者。因此,必须在实现民族地区整体经济增长的战略目标时,正确处理效率与公平的关系,努力实现各民族的共同发展繁荣。     

西部民族地区城镇化建设中多元投资的法律经济学研究

西部民族地区城镇化建设应开辟多元投资渠道,开放城镇化建设市场,清理对非国有资本的市场准入障碍,通过项目融资、金融融资、地方政府债券融资等途径,优化资金的来源模式,并且必须从法律经济学效益最大化的思想出发,设计相应的法律制度进行保障.     

西部民族地区投资环境分析

在实施“西部大开发战略”中 ,必须注意投资环境。西部民族地区投资环境有利有弊 ,在资源开发过程中 ,一方面扬长避短 ,同时还要在优化、改善投资环境上花大力气     

广东民族地区发展研究

改革开放以来,广东省民族地区得到很大发展,但是由于民族地区生产、生活条件差,经济基础薄弱,其经济发展水平依然落后于全省发展水平,更有一些少数民族群众生活于贫困之中。近年来,政府的扶贫工作卓有成效,应通过进一步加大对民族地区投入、改善基础设施、构建科学产业体系、双向扶贫等措施继续推进民族地区更好更快发展。     

民族地区扶贫工作制度创新

民族地区扶贫工作曾起到重大作用,但在社会主义市场经济条件下传统扶贫模式难以为继,必须按经济规律探索双赢的扶贫制度。本文在总结成功的民族地区扶贫工作经验的基础上,对“移地开发,体外造血,体内循环”这一扶贫新模式进行了深入的剖析,认为要在民族地区搞好扶贫工作应在机制上实现从计划机制到市场机制的转变,实行制度创新。     

文化策略:民族地区反贫困的路径选择研究

作为一种整体性存在的历史实存,贫困问题不仅是一个经济问题,更是一个社会问题。贫困也由此跨越纯粹的经济存在,成为一种深刻复杂的文化现象。在民族地区反贫困的制度设计中,如若未能充分考虑地方性文化的特殊性,是难以实现蕴含着现代生产力在民族地区的展布的。尊重地方性文化,充分调动贫困社区的社会参与,是消除民族地区贫困的一个重要前提。通过文化认同机制建构起来的集体式发展方式,应该成为少数民族地区反贫困和经济发展的有效机制。坚持发展民族教育,提高民族地区贫困人口的可行能力,不仅是消除民族地区贫困的根本保障,也是民族地区发展的根本目的。     

金融知识和社会网络对民族地区减贫的影响研究

本文利用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据,研究了金融知识对民族地区贫困主体稳健脱贫的作用。使用工具变量控制了金融知识可能存在的内生性问题,并考虑了民族地区社会网络的特性对金融知识减贫效应的影响,发现金融知识对民族地区贫困减缓具有显著促进作用。但民族地区贫困主体的基本金融知识还较为匮乏,实施金融教育项目改善金融知识,是民族地区现有帮扶措施的有效补充。此外,社会网络也能够通过同伴效应对民族地区金融知识的行为转化产生影响,但要规避社会网络较高维系成本带来的负面影响。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响

文化是经济增长的重要源泉。借助1997-2016年我国少数民族地区相关数据,本文实证分析了民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响。结果显示,民族地区文化资本对经济增长不仅具有显著的促进作用,而且呈现非线性影响;文化资本对民族地区经济增长的影响受到经济发展水平、人均文化事业费以及人均受教育年限的影响;人均地区生产总值、人均文化事业经费越高,人均受教育年限越高,则文化资本对经济增长的贡献度越大;此外,物质资本依然是推动民族地区经济发展的关键所在,提高第二产业比重和增加公路运营里程均能显著促进民族地区经济增长。基于此,本文提出应加强对民族文化的保护、传承和开发,加大教育投入,提高民族地区人均受教育年限等的投资。     

中国少数民族地区经济发展质量研究

加快经济发展方式转变,实现经济社会又好又快发展是“十二五”及以后相当长时期我国国民经济和社会发展的主要任务,同时也是我国少数民族地区（以下简称民族地区）经济社会发展的主要任务。转变经济发展方式,不仅要有高速持续的经济增长速度,而且同样重要的是在发展质量上的增长。本文从发展质量的界定开始,认为发展质量是一个综合性很强的概念,包括的内容十分丰富,涉及到经济效率、社会公平、卫生保健、教育、居住条件、安全保证、人口发展、环境质量、增长的可持续性和稳定性等方面。然后,主要从经济增长的效率和稳定性、社会公平、卫生保健、教育发展、环境质量等方面讨论民族地区改革开放以来,主要是西部大开发以来经济发展的质量特征。最后,基于这些分析,探讨了民族地区转变经济发展方式,提高发展质量,实现国民经济又好又快发展的路径和措施。     

多维视角下民族地区规模性返贫风险的表征、缘由及对策

我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。     

转型加速时期西部少数民族地区结构性贫困研究述论

文章认为西部少数民族地区在社会转型加快时期的贫困问题基本上是结构性贫困,并对这种结构性贫困问题的具体特征及其产生的社会危害进行纬度结构分析,最后系统地从建构现代国家治理体系和治理现代化的背景下提出了治理路径。     

城市中少数民族的民族文化与迁移就业

本文通过调查研究少数民族在民族文化村和具有民族特色私营企业中的就业状况 ,指出少数民族迁移者因为自身民族文化在城市就业中具有一定的优势。他们不但是城市中的“就业迁移者” ,而且是城市中的“民族文化携带者”。从进入城市的角色看 ,他们不但是“就业移民” ,而且是“文化移民。”     

四川民族地区旅游先导产业发展构想及政策措施研究

大力发展旅游先导产业是四川民族地区全面建设小康社会,实现政治安定、社会和谐、民族团结、共同富裕的重要抓手;是响应中央高度重视和支持民族地区经济社会发展,落实各级会议精神和优惠政策的有力手段;是把握低碳经济、生态经济和经济转型机遇,实现“后发优势”和“跨越式发展”的最佳途径;是受益于西部经济发展高地和西部综合交通枢纽战略建设,实现社会经济超常规发展的必然选择。本文提出了2011年四川民族地区旅游先导产业发展战略构想和发展政策举措,大胆提出了设置“四川民族地区旅游产业改革试点区”、成立四川民族地区旅游发展领导小组与旅游协会、设立四川民族地区旅游发展专项基金、打造四川民族地区旅游投融资平台等政策建议。     

西部民族地区相对贫困：现状、困境及治理

后脱贫时代,贫困地区巩固脱贫成果、缓解相对贫困是扎实推动共同富裕的重要关切。西部民族地区相对贫困呈现出贫困人口规模大、相对贫困程度深以及相对贫困维度广的现实图景,又面临着显著的空间贫困特征、多元的特殊性贫困、返贫致贫风险高以及内生动力不足的困境。基于此,西部民族地区的相对贫困治理要不断完善绿色减贫机制和风险防范机制、坚持综合治理和差异化治理、实施“常态化”“制度化”治贫以及提升贫困人口的可持续发展能力。