社会排斥视野下的农村青年婚配难解读——来自辽东南东村光棍现象的调查与思考

农村青年婚配难是各种结构性因素与非结构性（场景性）因素共同作用的结果;出生性别比失衡、婚姻梯次和年龄结构差等是导致农村青年婚配难的结构性因素,而个人条件、经济基础、思想观念和社会关系网络等则是引致农村青年婚配难的非结构性（场景性）因素。本文基于辽东南东村光棍现象的实地调查,通过引入社会排斥理论,对农村青年婚配难现象的非结构性因素展开了分析和探讨,认为：身体排斥、身份排斥、经济排斥、观念排斥和社会关系排斥等是导致农村青年婚配难的主要排斥机制。婚姻排斥作为一个集场景性与结构性相结合的分析性框架,是我们理解和解释婚配难、婚姻市场失衡等问题的新的理论视角。农村青年要想顺利地进入婚姻市场,青年自身、基层组织和国家必须“力所能及”地克服和消除社会排斥机制。     

中国离婚丧偶人口再婚差异性分析

根据对再婚率指标的考察,我国不同可再婚人口群体的再婚可能性存在一定差异性。总体而言,女性再婚可能性大于男性,低文化程度女性再婚可能高于高文化程度女性,高文化程度男性有相对较高的再婚可能。上述差异性可能与初婚市场上的婚姻挤压、再婚市场上的婚姻梯度以及高文化程度男性参与初婚市场上婚姻资源的分配有关。     

Marriage and the value of waiting

Using a simple model where singles try to maximize their pizazz, we examine the value of the option to give up single life in favor of marriage when singles pizazz levels follow correlated geometric Brownian motions. We derive the critical level of relative pizazz levels that triggers the move to marriage and find that for relatively small (large) potential economies of scale in marriage, a single will generally be willing to get married if his/her prospective partners pizazz is strictly higher (lower) than his/her own.Comment by two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.     

农村“闪婚”现象及其村庄社会基础

闪婚是近年来农村青年婚恋领域的新现象。本文考察了闪婚现象在农村的现状、发展过程,分析了农村闪婚现象的基本特征,重点对闪婚现象的村庄社会基础进行解析。认为,当下农村婚恋观念的变化是闪婚现象出现的内核,婚姻的高价市场和传统观念的演进与互融共同导致了农村闪婚现象的不断增多。     

Smallpox and Its Eradication in Finland: Implications for Disease Control

Cause-specific mortality studies are vital for a full understanding of the determinants of mortality and epidemiological transitions. The exceptional detail and accuracy of archival materials in Finland, as well as the length of the period covered, offer an ideal opportunity for such analyses. Focussing upon the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the history, decline, and eventual eradication of smallpox is detailed. It has often been argued that primary vaccination in childhood was the major factor responsible for the decline and subsequent elimination of the disease in Finland. This perspective is probably correct for the initial decrease in smallpox mortality. To interpret the final phases of smallpox history in Finland, however, several factors must be taken into consideration. These include revaccination, virulence of the virus, containment (quarantine) of infected individuals, vaccination of contacts, and importation of the virus from surrounding countries. While these factors were not of equal causal importance, they exerted a synergistic effect on the course of Finnish smallpox history. This in-depth historical case study demonstrates that multiple factors must be taken into account when disease control policies in developing countries are formulated to-day.     

“闪婚”与“跨省婚姻”:打工青年婚恋选择的比较研究

本文对当前我国农村出现的打工青年的"闪婚"与"跨省婚姻"两种婚恋模式的现状、发展、基本特征进行了比较,并从婚恋选择中的利益相关主体的角度对两种婚姻模式的发生机制进行了分析。研究发现,闪婚与跨省婚姻作为中国城市化进程中大量农民工选择的婚恋模式,有逐步增加的趋势,两者的基本特征既有差异也有共性。而从其发生机制来说,闪婚与跨省婚姻都彰显了打工青年面临的结构性婚姻选择困境,以及代际之间、性别之间对于婚姻意义中的情感性与功能性的偏重有所差异。婚姻中的情感性与功能性的权衡型塑了打工青年在"闪婚"与"跨省婚姻"之间选择的钟摆现象。当下,应当重塑婚姻本身所应该具有的情感性与功能性的双重价值意义,对打工青年进行适当的引导以减少这两种婚恋模式所带来的负面效应。     

赫哲族人口婚姻生育状况分析

赫哲族是黑龙江省特有的少数民族之一 ,是当代人口增长速度最快的民族之一。对于赫哲族这样一个人口较少的民族 ,其未来人口的发展状况 ,将直接影响着该民族自身的发展及民族地区的繁荣。本文通过对赫哲族人口的现状、婚姻状况及生育状况的分析 ,对赫哲族人口未来合理健康的发展提出了建议     

Marriage form and fertility in rural China: an investigation in three counties

Using data from two surveys in three counties where the prevalence of uxorilocal marriage differs greatly, this paper analyzes impact of marriage form, individual, family, and social factors on fertility and its regional differences. The results show that, under the Chinese patrilineal joint family system, uxorilocal marriage does not universally increase fertility, which is likely to be determined by other factors. It is further found that fertility differs greatly in the three regions, and is significantly lower in regions where uxorilocal marriage is common than in regions where virilocal marriage is dominant. Women’s marriage cohort, age at first marriage, and number of sisters all have significant effects on fertility. These findings address the process and consequences of change in rural family and marriage customs during the current demographic and social transition.     

The role of income in marriage and divorce transitions among young Americans

The paper investigates the importance of income in young Americans decisions to form and dissolve households. Using data on young American men and women from the NLSY, an important role for income in both these transitions is found. There are significant differences between young men and women. High earnings capacity increases the probability of marriage and decreases the probability of divorce for young men. High earnings capacity decreases the probability of marriage for young women, and has no impact on divorce.Thanks are due to seminar audiences at Bristol and the Royal Economic Society, two anonymous referees and the Editor for useful comments, and to Matt Dickson for preparation of the tables. Any errors are those of the authors. Responsible editor: John F. Ermisch.     

Divorce law and family formation

Several studies have investigated whether unilateral divorce laws raised divorce rates, with mixed results. This paper asks whether unilateral, and no-fault, divorce laws influenced family formation. Besides their interest to policy makers, such effects may help theorists understand the mechanisms through which laws affect behavior. The results suggest that no-fault laws slightly reduced fertility, and unilateral divorce modestly increased divorce and legitimacy. However, the pattern of effects is not consistent with any of the hypotheses reviewed, and the estimated magnitudes suggest that changes in divorce law were not a major cause of changing family structure.      

21世纪的婚姻关系和家庭生活

本文预测和展示了21世纪后工业时代可能出现的新型婚姻关系和家庭生活模式 ,以期对飞速发展的信息文明所带来的社会观念大变革有一个全新的认识     

土家族地区出生人口性别比失衡的调查分析

自20世纪90年代末以来,由于土家族女性的婚姻迁移,土家族地区的婚姻市场就呈现为男多女少格局,预演了出生人口性别比严重失衡的中国几十年内的性别后果。土家族地区男多女少的性别格局产生了三方面的性别后果：男性择偶困难;逐渐形成了“宁要两女也不要两男”的生育性别期望;已婚夫妻的权力关系向妻子倾斜。土家族地区的实践告诫人们：出生人口性别比失衡本是根深蒂固的男权文化借助现代B超技术的产物．侣却会在几十年后以同样残酷的方式惩罚着男性和罄个社会。     

当代中国的离婚态势分析和婚姻展望

本文根据有关离婚的统计资料及其他相关资料客观描述和分析了当代中国离婚的态势、特点和原因,并展望了中国未来婚姻之趋势。认为导致当代中国离婚诸多现象的原因。除了很多学者强调的政治、经济、文化影响因素之外。还有社会及家庭伦理的关系变化、道德调节机制弱化、婚姻主体的多元化价值取向冲突、责任缺席等伦理道德的影响因素：建议通过法制、道德和心理相结合的社会调控。既保障合法合理的离婚自由,又反对轻率离婚。并预测中国在本世纪离婚率仍会稳步上升但保持较低的水平,离婚文明化成为社会趋势,离婚带来的消极影响日益减小。婚姻关系将更加自主、自由、健康和平等。家庭形式将更加文明、立体、民主和多元。     

Immigration and the public sector: Income effects for the native population in Sweden

The immigrants' age structure and labour market situation are major determinants for their net contribution to the public sector. During the 50s, 60s and the 70s the immigrants' net contributions gave positive income effects for the native Swedes. Nowadays there are negative income effects due to the deteriorating employment situation among the immigrants. The yearly positive or negative income effects have at most been 1–2% of the gross national product. A change in the immigrants' employment rate by 1 percentage unit will change their yearly net contribution to the public sector by 0.1% of the gross national product. Received: 2 February 1996/Accepted: 28 July 1998     

Absolute Income,Relative Income,and Happiness

This paper uses data from the World Values Survey to investigate how an individual’s self-reported happiness is related to (i) the level of her income in absolute terms, and (ii) the level of her income relative to other people in her country. The main findings are that (i) both absolute and relative income are positively and significantly correlated with happiness, (ii) quantitatively, changes in relative income have much larger effects on happiness than do changes in absolute income, and (iii) the effects on happiness of both absolute and relative income are small when compared to the effects several non-pecuniary factors.

Attitudes of welfare recipients toward marriage and childbearing

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) put the need for attitudinal change at the center of efforts to help welfare recipients become economically independent, avoid out-of-wedlock childbearing, and embrace marriage. In this paper, we focus specifically on attitudes, analyzing both differences in values and attitudes between welfare recipients and other women on the cusp of reform, as well as the effects of TANF reforms in two states on the attitudes and behaviors of women subject to the reforms. National data reveal few differences in values and attitudes between welfare recipients and other women once background characteristics are held constant. A majority of both groups believes that prospective parents should marry, but single parents can raise a child as well as married parents. Personal aspirations for marriage and further childbearing also are fairly similar. These similarities may be one reason that the literature has shown TANF to have limited effects on marriage and childbearing. A second set of analyses investigates the degree to which welfare recipients in Delaware and Indiana report that reforms affected their aspirations for marriage and childbearing. Self-reported impacts are greater for fertility than marriage attitudes. Even among those who report their attitudes were affected by reform, recipients appear to have difficulty acting on their marital and childbearing desires, dampening any effects on behavior. These findings reinforce the current sense among researchers and policy makers that more direct reforms are needed to have a substantial effect on marriage and out-of-wedlock childbearing.     

The dependence of marriage migrations in Japan on personal factors and ecological variables

Marriage is an important migration‐inducing life‐cycle event. This paper uses a nested logit model to explain the interprefectural migration behaviors at marriage by personal factors and prefectural attributes, based on the micro data of the 1986 national migration survey of Japan. Before marriage, each person is considered a potential migrant making a two‐level decision: (1) to stay or depart and (2) to choose a destination. The main findings are as follows.

Destination choice propensities were affected by such attributes of potential destination as income (+), employment growth (+), distance (‐), contiguity (+), and linguistic similarity (+). Non‐natives appeared to be less sensitive to the attraction of economic opportunities. Personal factors were less important than prefectural attributes in affecting destination choice propensities.

Departure propensities were affected by not only such attributes of origin prefecture as income (‐), employment growth (‐), and population density (+) but also the “inclusive variable”; (+), which reflected the attractiveness of the rest of the system. Despite being strongly emphasized in the literature, sibling status was less important than gender, nativity and education in affecting departure propensities. Personal factors were much more important than prefectural attributes in determining the departure propensities.     

我国男性的婚姻溢酬——基于内生选择性模型的分析

本文利用2008年的RUMiC（中印农民工调查数据）构造内生选择模型分析我国男性的婚姻溢酬。OI．S结果显示,控制个人特征和单位特征后,已婚男性的工资大于未婚男性的工资,婚姻溢酬为O．360。控制了婚姻选择性和妻子工作时间内生性后,使用Hekman两步法对此分析后发现婚姻溢酬更大一些,达到了O．523;这表明我国男性的婚姻溢酬不能简单归因于选择性假说,即已婚男性比未婚男性拥有更高的不可观测的生产力。进一步的研究发现,我国男性的婚姻溢酬可以用生产力假说中的家庭内部分工理论来解释,OLS和Heckman两步法的回归结果均表明,我国男性的婚姻溢酬随妻子的工作时间上升而下降。     

Land Use and Marriage Timing in Nepal

I examine the relationship between patterns of land use and marriage timing in the Chitwan Valley, a rural area in south-central Nepal. In this setting, I conceptualize a relevant dimension of land use as the portion of land in each neighborhood devoted to agriculture. Using discrete-time event history models, I examine the relationship between the proportion of land devoted to agriculture and the rate of marriage among 811 never-married individuals aged 15–20 years. Agricultural land has a positive association with marriage rates. As potential intervening mechanisms between agricultural land and marriage rates, I propose nonfamily organizations, school and work activities, and local marriage markets. A portion of the relationship between land and marriage rates appears to be mediated through the accessibility of nonfamily employers. Respondents’ actual employment activities, however, fail to mediate the effects of agricultural land or nonfamily employers. The precise mechanisms linking land use to marriage remain unclear.     

人口、文化与政策：解读日本的低生育率

通过对日法两国生育状况进行对比（法国1．98,日本1．29）,挖掘日本总和生育率急剧下降的原因。两国都采取了政府干预的行政手段以及在实用主义的右翼政党支持下进行家庭政策改革,以期提高人口出生率,但是两国家庭政策的作用效果却不尽相同。一种可能的解释是植根于日本劳动力市场的文化：它使得年轻夫妇若中断他们的职业生涯来抚养孩子需要付出高额的机会成本：使得理想的雇员无法拥有太多的时间来安排家庭生活：同时假设并强化了一种传统的社会性别意识,将女性推向非正规劳动力就业市场,迫使她们只能在“正规工作”与“生养孩子”之间做出取舍。这也是越来越多的日本年轻人宁可选择单身并推迟结婚,也不愿轻易结婚生子的重要原因。