Cost-Sharing in Civil Justice

As an economic factor affecting access to justice, the cost of justice naturally constitutes an element of judicial reform. It is the overall deconstruction of the cost of civil justice, rather than partial observation and analysis confined to litigation costs, that can legitimize the sharing of court and litigation costs and clarify the demarcation between public and private costs. This first-order rule of cost-sharing is intended to establish a balance between the state’s investment of public resources in the judicial system and the costs borne by the litigant. The second-order rule of cost-sharing centers on the distribution of litigation costs among litigants. This requires not only the setting up of the goal of just and equitable sharing of litigation costs, but also the overall consideration of the adjustment function of the cost mechanism in litigation and pursuit of the general improvement of the justice system. The third-order cost-sharing rule should focus on giving full play to the legal services market and social organizations in sharing the cost of litigation. Its success will depend on the development of professional ethics and on legal regulation.     

从全球公民社会看世界贸易组织正义的构建

按照罗尔斯关于公平即正义的界定,发展中国家这类最少受惠者在世界贸易组织中被边缘化是其正义性缺失的主要表现.发展中国家利益被边缘化是WTO长期以来以自由为价值核心向度的必然结果,因此,自身讨价还价能力不足的发展中国家很难发起有效的体制改革,构建正义的世界贸易组织.全球公民社会是构建WTO正义性的重要力量,其有效路径包括:组织国际性集体社会行动影响WTO的决策、正式参与世界贸易组织的活动、对发达国家进行游说和施压和与发展中国家直接合作.全球公民社会对国际事务的参与可以改变赤裸裸的权力政治,赋予国家行为以伦理价值的约束,使国际经济秩序朝着更为公平正义的方向发展.     

泰勒的市民社会概念

市民社会是西方自由理论中的一个重要论题.本文依据大量第一手的材料,运用观念史追溯和分析的方法,较为详尽地考察了泰勒关于市民社会观念的起源、流变以及它与西方复杂的自由传统之间的关联等方面的问题.通过这一考察,有助于我们在进一步提升泰勒政治哲学重要性的同时,更深刻地体认西方自由理念的精深奥义.     

Ethnic Minorities and Social Justice in Australian Society

This paper will endeavour to comment briefly on the way in which the issue of social justice has been handled by Australian social policies relating to non-indigenous ethnic minorities in recent times, all of which have developed within a framework of multiculturalism. Hence, what are being considered are multicultural social policies — their goals and objectives as they have evolved over the past two decades. Part of this examination will also involve an exposition of the concept of social justice itself in relation to policy.     

Social Exclusion and Civil Law: Experience of Civil Justice Problems among Vulnerable Groups

Combating social exclusion has become a priority target for many governments and was a key factor in the establishment of the Legal Services Commission (LSC) and the Community Legal Service (CLS) in England and Wales in April 2000. This study aims to assess whether socially excluded groups within the general population are more likely to suffer justiciable problems (problems for which there is a potential legal remedy) and whether such groups differ in their problem resolution strategies and advice‐seeking behaviour. We draw upon a large‐scale survey of 5,611 people representative of the population of England and Wales, and a further survey of 197 people in temporary accommodation. Five vulnerable groups are extracted: survey respondents with a long‐term illness or disability, young and elderly respondents, low‐income respondents and those living in temporary accommodation. We identify how some of these vulnerable groups have a high likelihood of experiencing justiciable problems. We also examine advice‐seeking strategies among our vulnerable groups and, where contact was made, which advisers were typically contacted. The findings demonstrate the potentially crucial role of access to justice and advice and legal services in tackling social exclusion.     

An Analysis of Enforcement and Persuasion and Education in Civil Justice

Ｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌｍｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｃｏｕｒｔｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔｓ,ｉｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙａｓｓｕｍｅｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｔｏｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｐｅｒｓｕａｓｉｏｎａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｆｏｕｎｄｇｕｉｌｔｙｏｒａｔｆａｕｌｔ,ｏｒｔｏｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｐｅｒｓｕａｓｉｏｎａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｃｏｅｒｃｉｖｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ.Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｓｏｆａｒｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔ…     

公民社会发展的法团主义之道--能促型国家与国家和社会的相互增权

在过去20多年间,大量新型社团涌现,众多官办社团也开始培育其自主性.在教育与学术、工商管理、文化娱乐和专业人士领域,社团的发展更加迅速.社团空间的监管体系具有强烈的国家法团主义特征,高度强调国家的控制,同时在社团的唯一性、代表性、垄断性等方面,施加严格限制.推进公民社会发展之道在于打破国家与社会零和博弈的陈腐观念,代之以国家与社会相互增权的新理念.国家发挥能促性角色,走向社会法团主义,推进民间组织在社会公益领域中发展,反过来可以有效增强国家推动社会发展的能力.     

和谐社会视野下的公民社会组织发展问题探讨

公民社会组织对建设和谐社会具有重要作用。但中国公民社会组织的发展还处于初级阶段,存在着自主、自治、自立性差,公信力不足、动员能力不强,人才缺乏,资金短缺等问题。解决这些问题,是促进公民社会组织健康持续发展、促进其社会功能充分有效发挥,进而促进和谐社会建设的必然要求。     

Challenges and Dilemmas of Civil Society movements in India

Civil Society spaces provide citizens opportunities to frame their collective identities and interests through the formation of voluntary interest groups and organisations set to specific purposes. In the west, historically these interest groups have contributed to the development of political thought that assisted to forge the economic interests of emerging bourgeoisie. This paper situated in the context of India begins with a thematic perspective and reviews the challenges that emerge as a result of the demands that emerge within the civil society space. The paper considered three broad range organizations for this review such as the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the river Narmada Campaign); National Alliance for People's Movement (NAPM); and the Self‐Employed Women's Association (SEWA). The authors see civil society as a conciliating place—where individual interests appear to mingle with societal requirements while providing adequate representation to the marginalized groups and expression of concerns around economic and environmental rights.     

社区治理：公民社会的微观基础

本文试图通过分析“civil society”和“community”两个概念的具体内涵在中国学术话语中的变化历程,在一定程度上显示中国城市基层社区中公民社会的微观基础,以及这种微观基础与“社区共治”和社区“治理结构”的微妙联系,同时也提醒读者,要深刻揭示这种微妙联系,就必须把研究视角聚焦到具体行动空间的权力关系及协调机制。     

市民社会演变中的社会治理变革

在从中世纪向近代社会转变的过程中,形成市民社会观念的同时,也宣告了社会治理的"国家主义"时代的来临.在反抗绝对国家的过程中,市民社会开始与国家相分离,市民社会的形象经历了从政治社会到"需要的体系"的演变,并最终沿着特殊性与普遍性的边界确立起了自己与国家的界线.19世纪晚期以后,市民社会与国家分离的趋势发生了变化,国家一步步地侵入社会,并最终形成了一种政府与社会相重叠的"行政国家",它标志着国家主义发展到了顶峰.20世纪80年代开始,随着后工业社会的来临,社会结构出现了重组的趋势,正在形成一种"新市民社会".这种新市民社会必将终结国家主义的历史,使社会治理迈入"后国家主义"时代.     

和谐社会应更加注重社会公平

2005年12月22—23日,广州市社会科学界联合会举办了“社会公平与社会和谐”学术研讨会。来自北京、香港、广州地区高校和社科研究机构的30多位专家学者参加了会议。与会者围绕社会公平与社会和谐的关系、社会不公平现象、法律在实现社会公平中的作用、弱势群体问题、社会心态等方面,从多维视角对社会公平与社会和谐进行了热烈而深入的探讨。现将会议讨论的主要观点整理如下以飨读者。一、社会公平是构建和谐社会的前提李明华(广州市社会科学界联合会主席、研究员)认为,社会公平问题在当前中国社会发展进程的关键时期,成为人们关注的热点。社…     

差异、公平与和谐社会的价值建构

建构社会主义初级阶段的和谐社会是要承认差异和不平等的客观存在,但又是在制度和程序上追求公平的过程,这是现实性的要求。和谐社会的建构是一个价值建构的过程,是包含着价值理念、价值实践和价值创新的过程。     

Marx''''s Theory of Civil Society and Its Historical Position

IMarx'sdefinitionofacivilsociety(sometimescalledsimply"society")andhisdefinitionofapoliticalsociety(orpoliticalstateorsimplystate)fallwithinthecategoriesofbothhistoryandanalysis.Historically,civilsocietyreferstoagivenperiodinthedevelopmentofhumansociety,markedbytheexistenceofclassinterests.Marxbelievedthatthedevelopmentofcivilsocietyis"thedevelopmentofprivateinterestsintoclassinterests."1Likeapolitica1state,itistheresultofsociety'sdivisionintoclasses.Whensocialproductiveforceshavedevelopedtoa…     

公民社会：一个概念的历史考察

纵观西方“公民社会”概念的历史演变过程，可以发现其理论内涵先后发生了三次重大的转变。在古代，公民社会是一个与自然状态相对应的概念，但到了近代，西方思想家开始提出一种建立在国家和社会二分法基础上的公民社会观，而在现代，人们又开始用国家-市场-社会三分法来代替国家和社会二分法，并在此基础上重新界定了公民社会的内涵。     

试论建构符合中国国情的公民社会

随着市场经济的发展和政治民主化的推进,中国公民社会迅速崛起,并对中国的经济、政治、社会生活产生日益重大的影响.建构符合中国国情的公民社会不仅成为当代中国重要的理论课题和现实议题,而且已成为当代中国政治进步的重要推动力量.     

非政府组织:培育公民社会的新视点

非政府组织在当下社会的不同领域发挥着不可或缺的作用,已然成为政府和企业之外的第三方力量。基于非政府组织与公民社会关系的省察表明:作为公民参与的平台、公民自治的形式、公民精神培育的载体、公民社会与国家合作互补的途径,非政府组织对促进公民社会的发育成长具有重要意义。     

政治公正的系统分析与和谐社会建设

建设和谐社会要求实现政治公正.从"政治体系"理论的视角可将政治公正分解为政治录用公正、政治输入公正、政治转换过程公正、政治输出公正和政治反馈公正,以及作为其扩展的政治价值公正和政治结果公正等环节和部分.从政治公正的系统分析出发,建设社会主义和谐社会必须优化政治系统的国内环境,构建健康稳定的政治与社会的交互机制;努力实现政治过程公正,合理协调社会利益,妥善解决社会矛盾,保障公民的民主权利和经济社会权利,维护政治社会秩序;坚持和平外交政策与和平崛起战略,为构建和谐社会营造良好的国际环境;合理有效地发挥政府职能,促进法制化和制度化建设,激发社会自主创新的活力,促进经济增长.