Disposable income differences between immigrants and natives in Sweden

This paper investigates whether there are differences in Sweden between immigrants and natives in disposable income and in the probability of having a low disposable income. By investigating disposable income and the probability of having a low disposable income, our study illuminates to what extent taxes and transfers in the Swedish welfare state manage to compensate for differences in income from work between immigrants and natives. The study shows that there are differences between different groups both in disposable income and in the probability of having a low disposable income and that these differences remain when we control for factors such as age, gender, education and civil status. Early immigrants from the Nordic countries have a higher disposable income than does the native population whereas recent immigrants have a substantially lower disposable income and a higher probability of remaining poor than both earlier immigrants and the native population. In summary, our study shows that the differences in disposable income between immigrants and natives are indeed smaller than the differences in income from work but that the differences are not completely counterbalanced through the tax and transfer system.     

从公民参与网络看社区居民自治——兼谈佛山市南海区罗村街道社区居民自治的经验

社区居民自治一直是发展社会主义民主的基础,对于推进我国基层民主建设具有十分重大的意义。然而,社区是多元化主体的聚合体,要使这一管理模式有效地运转起来不仅需要完善制度建设,更需要居民的积极参与。罗村街道通过公民参与网络的构建,使居民们在保持各自独立的同时,沟通合作,协调相互之间的利益,把社区建设成为不同群体的利益共同体,成为有效实践社区居民自治的成功案例之一。     

“农转非”、人力资本回报与收入不平等——基于分位数回归分解的方法

随着中国城镇化进程的推进,越来越多的农村户籍人口实现了身份转换,成为制度认可的新市民。本文利用中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据发现,即使户口状况相同,"新市民"与"老市民"之间依然存在一定的收入差距。分位数回归及其分解的结果显示,"农转非"人群在劳动力市场上仍受到制度性或非制度性歧视,且歧视程度随着分位数的变化呈现倒U型趋势。同时,"农转非"人群内部也存在较大的差异,歧视降低了自致型"农转非"人群相较于城市原居民的禀赋优势,而外致型"农转非"人群则面临人力资本劣势与就业市场歧视的双重压力。     

差别暴露、差别职业和差别体验——中国城乡居民环境关心差异的实证分析

本文利用2010年中国综合社会调查数据,比较分析了城乡居民的环境关心差异：城乡居民在看待环境问题的方式上存在一种相似且连贯的心态体系;城乡居民的环境关心水平存在显著差异,城市居民在诸多方面都较乡村居民表现出更多的环境关心;国外关于“居住地假设”的三种理论,只有“差别暴露理论”可以解释一部分城乡差异,其余两种理论均没有得到数据的有效支持;环境知识和媒体使用在城乡居民环境关心差异形成过程中具有重要的中介作用;城乡居民的环境关心差异在趋于缩减,并开始走向同构。     

北京市家庭户的变化及外来人口影响

根据第五次人口普查数据 ,北京市的集体户人口比例已高达 12 % ,并且在家庭人口中外来人口比例也从 1990年的 2 %急剧提高到近 12 % ,这些重大变化在对北京市人口老龄化和家庭户变迁的学术研究和政策制定时均已不可忽视。本文计算了不同口径的北京市人口老龄化水平 ,还揭示出近年来北京市家庭户规模的大幅下降的主要原因仍是少儿比例的不断降低。本文还从年龄别、户主率和户居类型比例两个角度揭示了家庭结构变化和家庭养老功能 ,并且特别比较和分析了本市户籍人口和外来人口之间的差异     

Beliefs, death, anxiety, denial, and treatment preferences in end-of-life care: a comparison of social work students, community residents, and medical students

This study examined cultural and religious beliefs, death anxiety, denial, and medical treatment preferences in end-of-life care in a sample of social work students, community residents, and medical students in a mid-western city of 49,000. Results indicated that most social work students, community residents, and medical students preferred palliative as opposed to life-prolonging care during terminal illness. The three groups differed in cultural and religious beliefs and all three reported a moderate amount of death anxiety. Students reported less denial of terminality than community residents. Implications for personal and professional preparation to provide end-of-life care are discussed.     

Beliefs,Death Anxiety,Denial, and Treatment Preferences in End-of-Life Care

Abstract

This study examined cultural and religious beliefs, death anxiety, denial, and medical treatment preferences in end-of-life care in a sample of social work students, community residents, and medical students in a mid-western city of 49,000. Results indicated that most social work students, community residents, and medical students preferred palliative as opposed to life-prolonging care during terminal illness. The three groups differed in cultural and religious beliefs and all three reported a moderate amount of death anxiety. Students reported less denial of terminality than community residents. Implications for personal and professional preparation to provide end-of-life care are discussed.     

Primary Caregivers and Chinese Elders’ Demand on Community Services

Abstract

The most influential model explaining the elderly’s service use is Andersen and Newman's model. But the applicability of the model on elders’ demand on community services has not been tested, especially in developing countries such as China. This research tested the applicability of the model by studying how primary caregiver relations to the elderly influence Chinese community-dwelling elders’ demand on community services. With a total of 2,124 respondents aged 65 and older who reported primary caregivers, six primary caregiver relations were examined: son, spouse, daughter, daughter-in-law, unmarried son and daughter, and other. Data came from the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Results indicated that: (1) Elders cared for by daughters-in-law showed a significantly stronger tendency of expecting community services than elders cared for by other caregivers among both rural and urban areas. (2) Elders were least likely to expect community services in two cases: urban elders taken care of by daughters and rural elders whose primary caregivers were unmarried sons and daughters. Since Chinese elders cared for by different caregivers tended to seek community care in different manners, future research may study how suitable community service programs can be developed to well meet the needs of various elderly groups.     

社区特征与中国农村老人的抑郁症状

农村老年人的抑郁水平显著高于城市老人,在极端情况下,甚至表现为自杀行为.通过中国健康与养老追踪调查 (CHARLS) 2011年基线数据,运用分层线性模型 (HLM) 分析村级社区水平的经济、人口、管理、设施、生态环境五个维度的特征对农村老人抑郁症状的影响,发现中国农村老人的抑郁水平具有显著的村间差异.加入村级水平的解释变量后发现,村子的平均收入水平高,村里具有高中学历的人口比例高,村主任的任职年限长以及村里的基础设施水平高,村里老人抑郁水平显著更低;而在工业污染排放中度和严重的村子里,老人抑郁显著更高.进一步的跨水平交互作用分析则探索了村级变量对具有不同个体特征的老人群体的作用差异.研究结果对于农村社区建设的政策发展以及农村老人的抑郁干预提供了实证依据.     

Can Education Make Us Healthier? An Urban-Rural Comparative Analysis Based on the Chinese General Social Survey of 2010

In modern society, educational achievement’s impact on individual lives is reflected not only in economic benefits in the labor market but also in various “intangible returns.” Based on national data from the Chinese General Social Survey of 2010, our analysis of the urban- rural disparity and mediating factors in the health benefits of educational achievement shows that education has positive returns in terms of health for both urban and rural residents, but the returns to compulsory education and senior middle school differ for the two groups. This difference may be caused by the gap in the quality of compulsory education between urban and rural areas. Therefore, a linchpin of the relevant education policies should be encouragement of “urban-rural integration” in terms of the quality rather than just the quantity of education and the universalizing of senior middle school education in rural areas.     

Population Growth in High‐Amenity Rural Areas: Does it Bring Socioeconomic Benefits for Long‐Term Residents?*

OBJECTIVE: A widely noted concern with amenity-driven rural population growth is its potential to yield only low-wage service-sector employment for long-term residents, while raising local costs of living. This research examines change in socioeconomic status during the 1990s for long-term residents of high-amenity, high-growth rural counties in the United States. METHODS: Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, in combination with county-level information, we estimate growth-curve models to examine the extent to which the socioeconomic status of long-term residents is associated with amenity-related in-migration. RESULTS: We find that, on average, residents in high-growth, amenity-rich rural areas have higher income growth over time and higher levels of initial occupational prestige compared to those from other rural areas, but that socioeconomic gains are primarily for individuals with low baseline prestige. CONCLUSIONS: The socioeconomic gains made by long-term residents of high-growth, amenity-rich rural areas associated with net in-migration may be limited to individuals with low initial prestige and growth may be due to low-skill service-sector jobs.     

角色理论下的城乡社区干部素质对比分析——关于黄石市村委会和居委会干部素质的比较研究

在政治思想的先导下,以"新农村"中干部的应起作用为入手点,主要运用角色理论探讨"新农村"干部应具有的业务、能力等素质。在围绕角色期望展开角色距离的讨论中发现,农村村委会干部与城市社区居委会干部都存在角色失调,并将其与居民意识定义下的社区工作者的角色期望进行对比,得出村委会干部较居委会干部与之存在更大的角色距离值。立基于角色距离值,为黄石市所需的城乡社区工作者提出以人为中心的社区工作服务理念的相关建议。     

安置方式、人际交往与移民适应:江苏、浙江343户三峡农村移民的比较研究

本文依据对江苏、浙江两省6个县343户三峡外迁农村移民的调查数据，分析了相对集中与完全分散这两种不同的安置方式，以及由此所形成的两种不同的人际交往状况对外迁移民社会适应的影响。研究发现，从总体上看，移民在安置地的人际交往状况对移民的社会适应的影响十分显著。无论是移民之间的交往、还是移民与当地居民之间的交往，都会大大增强移民融入当地社会的程度。     

Oregon water: Assessing differences between the Old and New Wests

The history of the American West is intimately tied to the movement and management of water. As the West developed, so too did the image of rural Westerners. As stressors like climate change and population growth strain existing water supplies, resource management benefits from understanding whether fundamental differences exist between the residents in the Old (rural) West and the New (urban) West. Using a survey conducted in the spring of 2010 of Oregon residents, this study explores whether residents in Oregon show distinct differences in environmental concern based on rural or urban residency. The results show that there are differences between groups on environmental beliefs, but likely attributed to factors other than rural and urban residency, and there are no significant differences between groups on water.     

农村社区公共服务与农村社会工作：需求与应答

农村社区公共服务的特性及发展现状要求加强农村社会工作建设。这一现状可以概括为：供给严重不足和供给效率低下。当前要真正做到为农民、农村提供有效的、有保障的、均等化的公共服务就必须进行制度创新。这个制度创新的核心内容在于建立真正的农民组织，使农民成为农村公共服务建设的主体。农村社会工作从价值观到工作目标、工作方法都有助于这一目标的达成，特别是在农村居民对公共服务的需求评估、培育社区居民的自我发展能力等方面。     

Can sense of community inform social capital?

This paper examines the theoretical linkage between social capital and sense of community through research studies within four contextual areas. Social capital (SC) can be conceptualized as all the interactions between individuals in a community, and has been examined in various groups and communities. Sense of community (SoC) is a psychological construct that we argue is a correlate of social capital. Sense of community reflects the feelings of attachment and belonging that an individual has towards a community. Through qualitative and quantitative research carried out across the lifespan in four communities in Western Australia (i.e., Perth community, adolescent Jewish community, urban and rural communities, and primary school community), this paper utilizes SoC as a framework for investigating ways in which SC may be realized in communities. The significance of this paper highlights the practical application of increasing SC within communities through targeting SoC within individuals.     

Resident interaction and social well-being in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota

Previous studies on the social well-being of residents living in energy boomtowns focus primarily on demographic characteristics of residents. These studies do not consider that there could be a relationship between residents’ social well-being and whether they interact with new residents moving into their community. The current study includes a measure of interaction with new residents as it examines five dimensions of the social well-being of residents living in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota. Surveys were distributed door-to-door to residents living in Williston North Dakota during the fall of 2015. Research findings show that people who reported that they interact with new residents moving into their community felt safe from crime and violence in their community; felt more socially integrated in their community; had high levels of community trust and community satisfaction, and believed that they could count on their neighbors. These findings are important because they highlight the significance of social interaction in communities that experience rapid population growth resulting from increased energy production.     

NORC Supportive Services Model Implementation and Community Capacity

As community residents age, service delivery systems may not be equipped to meet their changing needs. The Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) model has emerged as a strategy to utilize existing resources and develop a comprehensive approach to maintaining older adult functional status. However, little has been written about how community capacity influences NORC implementation. A community capacity framework was used to analyze the themes that emerged from participant and service provider interviews at two diverse NORC sites. The findings revealed that perceptions of a sense of community and partnership management influenced the NORC experience for participants and providers.     

The effect of community organisations’ participation and existence on self-rated health in China: evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study cross-sectional survey in 2011 with an 80.51% response rate, an endogenous logit model is adopted to account for the relationship between social capital and self-rated health and the heterogeneity from gender, age and marital status on individual self-rated health status. Consequently, social capital at both individual and community levels is found to be positively correlated with better subjective self-rated health status. Furthermore, the social capital’s marginal effect of the male, high-income groups, the married are larger than that of the female, rural residents, low-income groups and the divorced. In addition, interclass correlation value from the partition of the fixed and random effect of social capital is significantly, ranging from 3.0 to 5.49%, indicating a significant proportion of the total variance in self-rated health that can be explained by community-level differences.