黑龙江省中小企业会计电算化现状、存在的问题及解决对策研究

我国《小企业会计制度》颁布实施已经快3年的时间,而中小企业在会计核算和财务管理中的状况令人担忧,也是到了必须解决的时候.鉴于中小企业会计核算和财务管理的现实情况,以黑龙江省部分中小企业为研究对象,探讨解决存在问题的有效方法,构建中小企业信息化架构体系.     

论中小企业中的会计核算问题

目前,随着国民经济的不断发展,中小企业的管理制度趋向健全完善,中小企业已经成为我国国民经济的主要增长点。为推动中小企业业务发展和管理水平的提高,企业经营管理离不开一套规范、合理、有效的会计核算制度。目前我国中小企业在会计核算中存在很严重的问题,如会计结构不完善、货币资金缺乏内部控制、财会电算化实施困难、未能全面执行新制度等等,这些问题都影响了会计管理职能的正常发挥。国家应从法律法规建设上大力支持企业内部会计核算制度的规范化改革,完善中小企业的会计核算制度,帮助中小企业财务管理制度走向正轨,为国家经济继续提供强力增长点。     

中小企业会计核算与会计电算化情况分析

中小企业是现代市场主体的一部分,但由于具体的历史和现实原因,其会计核算规范化程度、现代化进程不高。本文具体分析了中小企业会计核算存在的问题及原因,并提出了一些可行性的建议。     

规范中小企业会计核算问题的对策

随着我国经济的迅速发展，中小企业已经成为推动经济发展的主力军。与上市公司和大企业相比，中小企业的特点是规模小、数量多、经营灵活，其劣势在于财务风险较大。当前，中小企业当前的突出问题是会计核算不够规范。这一问题不仅放大了中小企业的财务风险，更对企业本身的发展壮大不利，也会给国家造成一定的损失。因此，进一步规范中小企业会计核算非常必要，而对加强中小企业会计核算方面的对策研究也同样意义重大。     

中小企业如何完善会计核算制度

随着民营经济速步走上历史舞台，地位日益突出，中小企业迎来新的发展的春天，但是，中小企业相对于大企业来说，普遍存在着机构不健全，管理不规范的问题，产品技术含量低、从业人员的素质水平不高也是亟待解决的突出问题。管理的不规范，尤其是会计核算和财务管理不规范容易引发一系列的问题，所以要高度重视中小企业的会计核算问题。     

规范中小企业会计核算的措施思考

随着我国整体经济的迅速发展,中小企业力量也在迅速壮大,对国民经济的贡献日益增大,已成为我国国民经济中不可或缺的组成部分.但是中小企业会计核算不规范的问题也显得日益突出,诸如现金交易、多头开户、白条入账、内外两套账、资金管理混乱、会计人员随意编制会计科目或混淆会计科目之间的关系、费用分摊混乱、违背会计原则等,中小企业偷税漏税现象也是频频发生,所有这些问题的存在不仅不利于企业自身的发展壮大,而且也给国家财政收入造成巨大的损失.进一步规范中小企业会计核算已显得非常必要.     

我国中小企业会计准则建设思考

随着我国经济的蓬勃发展,小企业在国民经济中所占的比重越来越大.规范中小企业的会计核算,制定中小企业会计准则已成为加快经济发展的必然之势.中小企业这个概念,是相对于大企业而言的,包括中型企业和小型企业.目前,关于中小企业会计准则建设的文献较少,也没有一个相对固定的模式.本文分项列出了制定中小企业会计准则的目标、原则和模式,针对一些当前存在的问题提出应对措施.     

中小企业的会计规范化问题探讨

中小企业在我国发展经济、促进就业、改善民生中发挥着重要作用。随着世界经济一体化的进程,中小企业将面临更为激烈的市场竞争,但是中小企业会计规范中存在很多问题,如：会计基础工作薄弱;会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清等问题。本文通过分析我国中小企业的特点, 对中小企业会计规范化过程中存在的问题进行了阐述,并提出于加强中小企业的会计规范建设的若干建议。     

中小企业会计制度设计探析

中小企业作为国民经济重要的组成部分,其会计制度是否健全,合理,直接关系到企业会计工作的质量,甚至会影响到企业的生存与发展,因此也关系到国民经济的发展。由于中小企业自身的特点和实际,主要以大型企业为对象的会计制度不适合其实行,故而企业根据具体情况指定符合自身需要的会计制度,简化和规范会计核算,保证会计信息的真实完整,切实满足会计信息使用者需要,促进其健康发展。     

中小企业会计电算化信息平台如何构筑——关于中小企业实施会计电算化的设想

随着我国市场经济的进一步发展和完善,传统的手工会计核算已无法满足中小企业财务核算和管理的需要,用计算机替代手工记账已成为一种趋势,本文重点介绍中小企业实施会计电算化的方法和步骤。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.